lecture 8 drugs and preggos

Question 1

examples of causes of birth defects

Answer 1

known genetic transmission, chromosomal aberration, radiation, infection, maternal metabolic disorder, drugs and chemicals

Question 2

what is a teratogen

Answer 2

somehting the mother eats which causes structural or functional problems with the foetus

Question 3

how may illegal drugs affect the foetus?

Answer 3

they cause temperature spikes which are associated with an increased risk of miscarriage.

Question 4

example of trans placental carcinogenicity

Answer 4

DES

Question 5

what affect does DES have

Answer 5

offspring develop uterine and vaginal cancers

Question 6

what is DES for

Answer 6

to help maintain the pregnancy

Question 7

what does foetal alcohol syndrome affect

Answer 7

looks and behaviour

Question 8

how will alcohol affect the babies behaviour

Answer 8

lower attention span

slower development

Question 9

visual affects of foetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 9

thin upper lip
absent philtrum
small head

Question 10

what does synergistic mean

Answer 10

the risks dont just add up - its higher

Question 11

how does lithium change in the mother in pregnancy

Answer 11

it is excreted more readily as there is an increased renal blood flow

Question 12

a drug which clearance changes in the third trimester

Answer 12

phenytocin

Question 13

examples of inherited recurrence risks

Answer 13

mandelian

multifactoral

Question 14

features of mandelian inheritance

Answer 14

predictable
single gene inheritance
same for all the pregnancies

Question 15

features of multifactoral inheritance

Answer 15

takes more genes into account

Question 16

what is spina bifida

Answer 16

failure of fusion of the caudal neural tube

Question 17

what can spina bifida be caused by

Answer 17

chromosome abnormalities
single gene disorders
teratogenic exposures

Question 18

how can spina bifida be avoided

Answer 18

folic acid supplements

Question 19

how does folic acid work

Answer 19

lol cause is unknown

Question 20

what may be used for abortions at high dose

Answer 20

methatrexate

Question 21

is there always a risk with methatrexate

Answer 21

yes - even at really low doses

Question 22

how might you minimalise the risks of methatrexate

Answer 22

give topically

Question 23

how may drugs go across the placenta

Answer 23

passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport

Question 24

what is drug transfer across the placenta influenced by

Answer 24

molecular weight, lipid solubility, ionisation, protein binding and chemical structure

Question 25

why cant high molecular weight cross the placenta

Answer 25

too large for the pores

Question 26

how does lipid solubility affect transfer across the placenta

Answer 26

lipid soluble will be able to cross

Question 27

what else makes it easier for drugs to cross the placenta

Answer 27

high perfusion

Question 28

what might you give someone instead of warfarin

Answer 28

heparin

Question 29

what two drugs would you consider for abortion

Answer 29

warfarin and retinoids

Question 30

when is the period of maximal susceptibility?

Answer 30

fist 10 weeks after conception

Question 31

how soon after conception is implantation

Answer 31

7 days

Question 32

when is organogenesis

Answer 32

weeks 2 to 9

Question 33

when is foetal growth

Answer 33

weeks 9 to 38

Question 34

when is the fetus at most risk

Answer 34

organogenesis

Question 35

when does the neural tube close

Answer 35

day 24-28

Question 36

what is formed at week 11

Answer 36

testes and ovaries

Question 37

when would you be worried about limb retardation

Answer 37

days 12-40

Question 38

what may result in the feministaion of a male

Answer 38

oestrogen pill

Question 39

what may result in the masculinisation of a female

Answer 39

androgen pill

Question 40

what was thalidomide used for

Answer 40

sickness