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block 11 anna > lecture 1 > Flashcards

lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

where does pregnancy start

A

fallopian tube

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2
Q

what are the two phases in the female reproduction cycle

A

luteal and follicular

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3
Q

what is the luteal phase supported by

A

corpus luteum

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4
Q

what creates a rise in progesterone in the luteal phase

A

corpus luteum

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5
Q

what are the two phases for

A

provide a site for the gametes to meet

sustain pregnancy

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6
Q

name a time when progesterone is low

A

follicular phase

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7
Q

what happens before the luteal phase

A

ovulation

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8
Q

how long are women fertile for

A

24-48 hours

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9
Q

how long can sperm live in the female reproductive tract

A

5 days

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10
Q

when is the right time in the cycle to try for a baby

A

day 14

ovulation

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11
Q

how is most of the sperm lost

A

leakage

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12
Q

how do sperm get to the oviduct

A

uterine contractions

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13
Q

how does the sperm move in the fallopian tubes

A

the cillia beat

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14
Q

what cant freshly ejaculated sperm do

A

swim

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15
Q

what is it called when the sperm bind to the fallopian tube

A

functional sperm resevoir

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16
Q

what may be happening while the sperm is binding to the fallopian tube

A

selection processes

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17
Q

what are the changes in the sperm called

A

capacitation

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18
Q

what is the first stage of capacitation called

A

activation

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19
Q

what does first part of capacitation involve

A

gaining whiplash function - swim

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20
Q

what mediates the first part of capacitation

A

pH

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21
Q

during the first stage of capacitation what does a change in pH do

A

allows calcium to enter the head of the sperm

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22
Q

to be activated what does the sperm require

A

time away from the epididymal fluid

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23
Q

what maintains sperm in a quiescent state

A

seminal fluid

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24
Q

what enzymes general does the acrosome contain

A

those to digest the wall of the egg

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25
what is removed from the cap for the acrosome reaction
cholesterol
26
what specific enzyme is released from the egg to digest through the corpus luteum
hyaluronidase
27
main constituent of the extracellular matrix of the cumulus cells
hyaluronic acid
28
what does the hyaluronidase react with
hyaluronic acid
29
what enzyme beginning with a does the acrosome contain
acrosim
30
what does acrosim allow the sperm to do
bind to the zona pellucida
31
what exactly does the acrosim bind to
ZP 2 and 3
32
what is ZP 2 and 3
glycoproteins
33
after the zona pellucida what does the sperm bind to
oolemma
34
what happens when the sperm binds to the oolemma
it is engulfed
35
after ovulation what phase is the sperm arrested in
meiosis metaphase 2
36
when is the egg activated
when the sperm penetrate
37
what is egg activateion driven by
phopspholipase zeta
38
what releases phospholipase zeta
sperm
39
what does phospholipase zeta do
cleaves PIP2
40
what does cleaving PIP2 do
release of calcium
41
describe calcium release by the egg
transient
42
what does the calcium do
breaks down MPF
43
what does the breakdown of MPF mean
egg can develop
44
why are corticol granules releaed
calcium transients
45
purpose of the corticol granules
change zona pellucide | block polysperming
46
what is it called when the two pronuclei come together
syngamy
47
what is it called after syngamy
zygote
48
what happens after 22hours
cleave
49
what happens if two sperm get into the egg
the egg will degrade
50
what is it called when there is an extra haploid maternal set of chromosomes
digynic
51
what is it called when it develops with no sperm
Parthenogenetic activation
52
why does the embryo want to cleave
less risky
53
how does the volume of the embryo change
it dosent - cells get smaller
54
how does the morula turn into a blastocyst
sodium-potassium ATPase drawing in fluid
55
what happens to the DNA of an early embryo
demthylation and remethylation
56
when does demthylation and remthylation occur
early cleavage stages
57
at what cell stage is the genome activated
4 cell stage
58
what is around the edge of the embryo
trophoectoderm
59
what does the embryo release to communicate with the body
compound X
60
what is compound X released in response to
rising oestrogen
61
what does compound X create a rise in
heparin binding epithelium growth factor
62
what does the first trimester of pregnancy heavily rely
corpus luteum
63
what is HCG synthesised by
syncytiotrophoblast
64
what does HCG act on
corpus luteum
65
why does HCG act on the corpus luteum
maintain progesterone output
66
what are the two ways twins are formed called
monozygotic | dizygotic
67
what type is identicle twins
monozygotic
68
how are identicle twins formed
one embryo splits
69
how do you get conjoined twins
incomplete splitting of the trilaminar disc
70
how do you get non identical twins
mother produces two eggs
71
what is non identical twins called
dizygotic
72
general theme of IVF
mother is stimulated to produce lots of eggs sperm extracted put together on dish to fertilise embryo implanted in mother
73
how can sperm be collected
masturbation | surgically
74
why is GnRh agonist hormone given
down regulate the amount of LH and FSH
75
what do low levels of FSH and LH mean
more than one follicle will develop
76
after GnRh what is the woman given
follicle stimulating hormone
77
what does follicle stimulating hormone do
means lots of follicles develop together
78
just before the eggs are collected what is the woman given
analogue of leutinising hormone
79
what can bypass IVF
ICSI
80
what does ICSI stand for
intracytoplasmic sperm injection
81
what is ICSI
egg injected with sperm
82
who would you use ICSI for
men with low sperm count
83
what is the word for no sperm
azoospermia
84
PESA
percutaneous epididymel sperm aspiration
85
TESA
testicular sperm aspiration
86
TESE
testicular sperm extraction
87
what cell stage are the eggs implanted
4 cell stage
88
what organisation regulates IVF clinics
HEFA

block 11 anna (14 decks)

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