lecture 1 Flashcards
where does pregnancy start
fallopian tube
what are the two phases in the female reproduction cycle
luteal and follicular
what is the luteal phase supported by
corpus luteum
what creates a rise in progesterone in the luteal phase
corpus luteum
what are the two phases for
provide a site for the gametes to meet
sustain pregnancy
name a time when progesterone is low
follicular phase
what happens before the luteal phase
ovulation
how long are women fertile for
24-48 hours
how long can sperm live in the female reproductive tract
5 days
when is the right time in the cycle to try for a baby
day 14
ovulation
how is most of the sperm lost
leakage
how do sperm get to the oviduct
uterine contractions
how does the sperm move in the fallopian tubes
the cillia beat
what cant freshly ejaculated sperm do
swim
what is it called when the sperm bind to the fallopian tube
functional sperm resevoir
what may be happening while the sperm is binding to the fallopian tube
selection processes
what are the changes in the sperm called
capacitation
what is the first stage of capacitation called
activation
what does first part of capacitation involve
gaining whiplash function - swim
what mediates the first part of capacitation
pH
during the first stage of capacitation what does a change in pH do
allows calcium to enter the head of the sperm
to be activated what does the sperm require
time away from the epididymal fluid
what maintains sperm in a quiescent state
seminal fluid
what enzymes general does the acrosome contain
those to digest the wall of the egg
what is removed from the cap for the acrosome reaction
cholesterol
what specific enzyme is released from the egg to digest through the corpus luteum
hyaluronidase
main constituent of the extracellular matrix of the cumulus cells
hyaluronic acid
what does the hyaluronidase react with
hyaluronic acid
what enzyme beginning with a does the acrosome contain
acrosim
what does acrosim allow the sperm to do
bind to the zona pellucida
what exactly does the acrosim bind to
ZP 2 and 3
what is ZP 2 and 3
glycoproteins
after the zona pellucida what does the sperm bind to
oolemma
what happens when the sperm binds to the oolemma
it is engulfed
after ovulation what phase is the sperm arrested in
meiosis metaphase 2
when is the egg activated
when the sperm penetrate
what is egg activateion driven by
phopspholipase zeta
what releases phospholipase zeta
sperm
what does phospholipase zeta do
cleaves PIP2
what does cleaving PIP2 do
release of calcium
describe calcium release by the egg
transient
what does the calcium do
breaks down MPF
what does the breakdown of MPF mean
egg can develop
why are corticol granules releaed
calcium transients
purpose of the corticol granules
change zona pellucide
block polysperming
what is it called when the two pronuclei come together
syngamy
what is it called after syngamy
zygote
what happens after 22hours
cleave
what happens if two sperm get into the egg
the egg will degrade
what is it called when there is an extra haploid maternal set of chromosomes
digynic
what is it called when it develops with no sperm
Parthenogenetic activation
why does the embryo want to cleave
less risky
how does the volume of the embryo change
it dosent - cells get smaller
how does the morula turn into a blastocyst
sodium-potassium ATPase drawing in fluid
what happens to the DNA of an early embryo
demthylation and remethylation
when does demthylation and remthylation occur
early cleavage stages
at what cell stage is the genome activated
4 cell stage
what is around the edge of the embryo
trophoectoderm
what does the embryo release to communicate with the body
compound X
what is compound X released in response to
rising oestrogen
what does compound X create a rise in
heparin binding epithelium growth factor
what does the first trimester of pregnancy heavily rely
corpus luteum
what is HCG synthesised by
syncytiotrophoblast
what does HCG act on
corpus luteum
why does HCG act on the corpus luteum
maintain progesterone output
what are the two ways twins are formed called
monozygotic
dizygotic
what type is identicle twins
monozygotic
how are identicle twins formed
one embryo splits
how do you get conjoined twins
incomplete splitting of the trilaminar disc
how do you get non identical twins
mother produces two eggs
what is non identical twins called
dizygotic
general theme of IVF
mother is stimulated to produce lots of eggs
sperm extracted
put together on dish to fertilise
embryo implanted in mother
how can sperm be collected
masturbation
surgically
why is GnRh agonist hormone given
down regulate the amount of LH and FSH
what do low levels of FSH and LH mean
more than one follicle will develop
after GnRh what is the woman given
follicle stimulating hormone
what does follicle stimulating hormone do
means lots of follicles develop together
just before the eggs are collected what is the woman given
analogue of leutinising hormone
what can bypass IVF
ICSI
what does ICSI stand for
intracytoplasmic sperm injection
what is ICSI
egg injected with sperm
who would you use ICSI for
men with low sperm count
what is the word for no sperm
azoospermia
PESA
percutaneous epididymel sperm aspiration
TESA
testicular sperm aspiration
TESE
testicular sperm extraction
what cell stage are the eggs implanted
4 cell stage
what organisation regulates IVF clinics
HEFA
