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block 11 anna > lecture 4 foetal and neonatal development > Flashcards

lecture 4 foetal and neonatal development Flashcards

1
Q

what happens to the urine produced by the kidneys

A

swallow

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2
Q

what prevents an asceding infections

A

plug

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3
Q

what is the foetus totally reliant on

A

placenta

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4
Q

example of a disease caused by lack of good placenta

A

IUGR - Intrauterine growth restriction

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5
Q

what is passed through the placenta important for immune defence

A

antibodies

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6
Q

can infection be passed across the placenta

A

yes

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7
Q

newborns should be

A

warm
sweet
pink

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8
Q

why are babies airways easily obstructed

A

small

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9
Q

difference in vocal cords of a preterm

A

bulbous instead of which strands

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10
Q

at first how does the lung form

A

buds off the embryonic forgut

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11
Q

why may a preterm not be able to breathe because of the lungs

A

underdeveloped - no terminal bud - no surface for gas exchange

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12
Q

what is it when gut ends up in the chest

A

diaphragmatic hernia

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13
Q

what is surfactant made by

A

type two pneumocytes in the alveoli

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14
Q

when is surfactant made

A

last two week of gestation

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15
Q

what is surfactant

A

phospholipid

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16
Q

why do we have surfactant

A

reduce surface tension in the lungs

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17
Q

what is respiratory distress syndrome caused by

A

babies being born pre term and so they have no surfactant

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18
Q

main reason you might be deficient in surfactant

A

prematurity

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19
Q

other reasons you have low surfactant

A

infection
acidosis
hypothermia
meconium aspiration

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20
Q

what is meconium aspiration

A

eating foetal poop

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21
Q

what can babies born premature be given to overcome low surfactant

A

steroids

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22
Q

what is a case where nothing can be done about no surfactant

A

congenital lack of type 2 pneumocytes

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23
Q

what colour is a premature baby’s skin

A

red

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24
Q

why is a preterm baby’s skin red

A

lack of dermis

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25
Q

other features of pre term babies

A

disproportionately big head

no subcutaneous fat

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26
Q

what is the sightings on a radiograph called with a baby with RDS

A

ground glass effect

27
Q

what might happen if you put two much pressure in a babys lung

A

pneumothorax

28
Q

what is the placenta made of

A

trophoblast tissue

29
Q

what is the blood supply from for the placenta on the maternal

A

spiral arteries

30
Q

does mum and baby blood mix

A

no i think youll find it dosent

31
Q

what supplies foetus from placenta

A

umbilical vein

32
Q

what returns blood to the placenta

A

umbilical arteries

33
Q

what kind of blood do the umbilical arteries contain

A

deoxygenated

34
Q

what kind of blood do the umbilical veins contain

A

oxygenated

35
Q

what duct allows the passage from umbilical vein to IVC

A

ductus venosus

36
Q

what does foetal circulation bypass

A

liver

lungs

37
Q

what allows the blood to go from right to left atria

A

foramen ovale

or ductus arteriosus

38
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus become in the adult

A

ligamentum arteriosus

39
Q

how is foetal circulation sustained in this way

A

high pressure in lungs

low pressure rest of body

40
Q

how is the liver bypassed

A

ductus venosus

41
Q

how does the foetal circulation chnage once born

A

breathe = low pressure in the lungs = circulation has to adapt

42
Q

what happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth

A

constricts

43
Q

why does the ductus arteriosus constrict

A

hormonal change - prosoglandin

44
Q

transpositioning of the great arteries

A

two circularatory systems that dont cross

45
Q

can babies in utero survive with transpositioning of the great arteries

A

yaaaas betch

46
Q

how would you treat transpositioning of the great arteries

A

surgery

47
Q

inefficient left side of the heart?

A

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

48
Q

what is persistent pulmonary hypertension in a new born

A

lungs not working

blood bypasses lungs still

49
Q

what does the blood bypass the lungs with

A

ductus arteriosus

50
Q

how do you treat Persistent pulmonary hypertension in a newborn

A

treat the cause of the lungs
inotropes for systemic circulation
gas for pulmonary

51
Q

hwo does the site of heamatogenesis change

A

yolk sac - liver - spleen - bone marrow

52
Q

what do foetuses produce in response to low saturation levels

A

EPO

53
Q

what happens to haemoglobin when the baby starts to breath

A

EPO production reduces

haemoglobin changes shape

54
Q

what is special about foetal haemoglobin

A

higher affinity for oxygen

55
Q

why dod new borns get cold quick

A

high surface area to volume ratio

56
Q

how do you overcome low surface area of babies when cold

A

tuck them up

57
Q

what do babies have to generate heat

A

brown fat

58
Q

what makes it harder for babies to cope with temperature

A

hypoxic

low sugar

59
Q

how can babies store energy

A

in the liver

60
Q

what alternate thing can babies use as an energy source

A

fatty acids and ketones

61
Q

example when babies cant use the alternate energy supply

A

MCAD - medium chain acetylcholine deficiency

62
Q

how might a diabetic mum affect baby

A

pancreas produces loads of insulin

once born gluclose plummets

63
Q

how do kidney change in he first few days of life

A

reduce ECF in the first few days
GFR increases
tubular function increase

block 11 anna (14 decks)

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