lecture 4 foetal and neonatal development

Question 1

what happens to the urine produced by the kidneys

Answer 1

swallow

Question 2

what prevents an asceding infections

Answer 2

plug

Question 3

what is the foetus totally reliant on

Answer 3

placenta

Question 4

example of a disease caused by lack of good placenta

Answer 4

IUGR - Intrauterine growth restriction

Question 5

what is passed through the placenta important for immune defence

Answer 5

antibodies

Question 6

can infection be passed across the placenta

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

newborns should be

Answer 7

warm
sweet
pink

Question 8

why are babies airways easily obstructed

Answer 8

small

Question 9

difference in vocal cords of a preterm

Answer 9

bulbous instead of which strands

Question 10

at first how does the lung form

Answer 10

buds off the embryonic forgut

Question 11

why may a preterm not be able to breathe because of the lungs

Answer 11

underdeveloped - no terminal bud - no surface for gas exchange

Question 12

what is it when gut ends up in the chest

Answer 12

diaphragmatic hernia

Question 13

what is surfactant made by

Answer 13

type two pneumocytes in the alveoli

Question 14

when is surfactant made

Answer 14

last two week of gestation

Question 15

what is surfactant

Answer 15

phospholipid

Question 16

why do we have surfactant

Answer 16

reduce surface tension in the lungs

Question 17

what is respiratory distress syndrome caused by

Answer 17

babies being born pre term and so they have no surfactant

Question 18

main reason you might be deficient in surfactant

Answer 18

prematurity

Question 19

other reasons you have low surfactant

Answer 19

infection
acidosis
hypothermia
meconium aspiration

Question 20

what is meconium aspiration

Answer 20

eating foetal poop

Question 21

what can babies born premature be given to overcome low surfactant

Answer 21

steroids

Question 22

what is a case where nothing can be done about no surfactant

Answer 22

congenital lack of type 2 pneumocytes

Question 23

what colour is a premature baby’s skin

Answer 23

red

Question 24

why is a preterm baby’s skin red

Answer 24

lack of dermis

Question 25

other features of pre term babies

Answer 25

disproportionately big head | no subcutaneous fat

Question 26

what is the sightings on a radiograph called with a baby with RDS

Answer 26

ground glass effect

Question 27

what might happen if you put two much pressure in a babys lung

Answer 27

pneumothorax

Question 28

what is the placenta made of

Answer 28

trophoblast tissue

Question 29

what is the blood supply from for the placenta on the maternal

Answer 29

spiral arteries

Question 30

does mum and baby blood mix

Answer 30

no i think youll find it dosent

Question 31

what supplies foetus from placenta

Answer 31

umbilical vein

Question 32

what returns blood to the placenta

Answer 32

umbilical arteries

Question 33

what kind of blood do the umbilical arteries contain

Answer 33

deoxygenated

Question 34

what kind of blood do the umbilical veins contain

Answer 34

oxygenated

Question 35

what duct allows the passage from umbilical vein to IVC

Answer 35

ductus venosus

Question 36

what does foetal circulation bypass

Answer 36

liver | lungs

Question 37

what allows the blood to go from right to left atria

Answer 37

foramen ovale | or ductus arteriosus

Question 38

what does the ductus arteriosus become in the adult

Answer 38

ligamentum arteriosus

Question 39

how is foetal circulation sustained in this way

Answer 39

high pressure in lungs | low pressure rest of body

Question 40

how is the liver bypassed

Answer 40

ductus venosus

Question 41

how does the foetal circulation chnage once born

Answer 41

breathe = low pressure in the lungs = circulation has to adapt

Question 42

what happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth

Answer 42

constricts

Question 43

why does the ductus arteriosus constrict

Answer 43

hormonal change - prosoglandin

Question 44

transpositioning of the great arteries

Answer 44

two circularatory systems that dont cross

Question 45

can babies in utero survive with transpositioning of the great arteries

Answer 45

yaaaas betch

Question 46

how would you treat transpositioning of the great arteries

Answer 46

surgery

Question 47

inefficient left side of the heart?

Answer 47

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Question 48

what is persistent pulmonary hypertension in a new born

Answer 48

lungs not working | blood bypasses lungs still

Question 49

what does the blood bypass the lungs with

Answer 49

ductus arteriosus

Question 50

how do you treat Persistent pulmonary hypertension in a newborn

Answer 50

treat the cause of the lungs inotropes for systemic circulation gas for pulmonary

Question 51

hwo does the site of heamatogenesis change

Answer 51

yolk sac - liver - spleen - bone marrow

Question 52

what do foetuses produce in response to low saturation levels

Answer 52

EPO

Question 53

what happens to haemoglobin when the baby starts to breath

Answer 53

EPO production reduces | haemoglobin changes shape

Question 54

what is special about foetal haemoglobin

Answer 54

higher affinity for oxygen

Question 55

why dod new borns get cold quick

Answer 55

high surface area to volume ratio

Question 56

how do you overcome low surface area of babies when cold

Answer 56

tuck them up

Question 57

what do babies have to generate heat

Answer 57

brown fat

Question 58

what makes it harder for babies to cope with temperature

Answer 58

hypoxic | low sugar

Question 59

how can babies store energy

Answer 59

in the liver

Question 60

what alternate thing can babies use as an energy source

Answer 60

fatty acids and ketones

Question 61

example when babies cant use the alternate energy supply

Answer 61

MCAD - medium chain acetylcholine deficiency

Question 62

how might a diabetic mum affect baby

Answer 62

pancreas produces loads of insulin | once born gluclose plummets

Question 63

how do kidney change in he first few days of life

Answer 63

reduce ECF in the first few days GFR increases tubular function increase