lecture 5 the breast

Question 1

list the important hormones of breast feeding

Answer 1

luteinising hormone
oestrogen
progesterone
prolactin
human placental lactogen

Question 2

of the hormones what does the pituitary gland produce

Answer 2

leutinising hormone and prolactin

Question 3

whats going on at gestational week 4

Answer 3

two milk lines

Question 4

where do the milk lines go

Answer 4

from axilla to groin

Question 5

what are the milk lines

Answer 5

thickening of epithelial cells - glandular cells

Question 6

what happens in gestational weeks 7-8

Answer 6

milk hill stage - thickening and inward growth into the chest wall

Question 7

weeks 12-16

Answer 7

differentiation of the smooth muscle cells of the nipple and aereola
branch into alveoli

Question 8

weeks 28-32

Answer 8

canalisation of branched epithelial tissue

Question 9

when are the primary milk ducts done

Answer 9

32 weeks

Question 10

weeks 32-40

Answer 10

nipple and aereola become pigmented

colostrum

Question 11

what creates the shape and size of breasts

Answer 11

fat deposits

Question 12

effects of oestrogen on the developing breast

Answer 12

stimulate differentiation of the ductual system

stop all to ducts developing in one place

Question 13

effect of progesterone on the growing breast

Answer 13

causes lobes lobules and alveoli to grow and leads to further development and duct enlargement

Question 14

what does prolactin influence

Answer 14

growth of the nipple

Question 15

what is responsible for aereolar grwoth

Answer 15

Serum placental lactogen

Question 16

what promotes mammary growth

Answer 16

Adrenocorticotropic hormone and growth hormone combine synergistically with prolactin

Question 17

what are the tubercles of montgomery

Answer 17

blind ended tubules for smell for the baby

Question 18

what makes the size and shape of the breast

Answer 18

adipose tissue

Question 19

what secretes milk into the lumen of the alveoli

Answer 19

lactocytes

Question 20

what cells can eject milk into the suctures

Answer 20

myoepithelial cells

Question 21

blood supply to the breast

Answer 21

mainly internal mammary artery

some lateral thoracic artery

Question 22

venous drainage

Answer 22

internal & external mammary veins & axillary veins

Question 23

main lymphatic nodes

Answer 23

axillary

Question 24

nervous supply

Answer 24

2nd-6th intercostal nerves

Question 25

why might womens breasts feel warm

Answer 25

lots of metabolic activity going on

Question 26

what happens in week 6-8 for women

Answer 26

lumpy fullness tingling incr blood supply

Question 27

what is marbelling of the breasts

Answer 27

increased blood supply - more prominent veins

Question 28

when is marbelling

Answer 28

weeks 6-8

Question 29

when does the nipple get darker

Answer 29

week 12

Question 30

what else happens at week 12 for women

Answer 30

areola enlarges, nipple becomes more pronounced and sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance

Question 31

when do the breasts start to secrete colostrum

Answer 31

week 12-16 of gestation

Question 32

LACTOGENESIS

Answer 32

lol

Question 33

when does lactogenesis 1 start

Answer 33

mid pregnancy to 48 hours after birth

Question 34

initially what is lactation driven by?

Answer 34

endocrine

Question 35

when does lactogenesis 2 start

Answer 35

day 3-8 after birth

Question 36

what is the time frame is the lactogenesis 3

Answer 36

day 8-9 days after birth to 40 days after stopping feeding

Question 37

what happens to acini in lactogenesis 1

Answer 37

they start to expand

Question 38

what is produced by the anterior pituitary gland in lactogenesis 1

Answer 38

prolactin

Question 39

in lactogenesis 1 what affect does prolactin have on colostrum

Answer 39

makes it accumulate

Question 40

how does the epithelium change in lactogenesis 2

Answer 40

Epithelium of the alveoli differentiates into secretory cells for milk production

Question 41

in lactogenesis 1 what happens in the lactocytes

Answer 41

fat droplets accumulate

Question 42

in lactogenesis 1 what decreases

Answer 42

lactose and lactalbumin

Question 43

during lactogenesis 1 what stops milk being released

Answer 43

high levels of progesterone and oestrogen inhibit prolactin

Question 44

what is the main trigger for lactogenesis 2

Answer 44

third stage of labour

Question 45

what specifically about the third stage of labour promotes lactogenesis 2

Answer 45

sudden drop of progesterone and oestrogen and human placental lactone

Question 46

in lactogenesis 2 what is there closure of

Answer 46

tight junctions between lactocytes

Question 47

in lactogenesis 2 what falls in the milk

Answer 47

proteins and sodium

Question 48

in lactogenesis 2 what rises in the milk

Answer 48

lactose and lipids

Question 49

in lactogenesis 2 milk production moves from an endocrine to an ...

Answer 49

autocrine process

Question 50

benefits of colostrum

Answer 50

immunoglbins unlikely to aspirate laxative effect - clear meconium

Question 51

in later life how may breast feeding help

Answer 51

lower obesity

Question 52

lectogenesis 3 is under autocrine control, what does this mean

Answer 52

a local factor is causing the production of milk

Question 53

what parts of the body other than the breast are involved in breast milk

Answer 53

hypothalamus anterioir pituitary posterior pituitary

Question 54

what drives milk production

Answer 54

baby suckling

Question 55

when the baby sukles where does neural stimulation go to

Answer 55

hypothalamus

Question 56

what happens when there is neural stimulation to the hypothalamus

Answer 56

prolactin inhibitor is supressed

Question 57

what is prolactin inhibitor related to

Answer 57

dopamine

Question 58

what are the prolactin releasing factors

Answer 58

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide oxytocin thyrotropin releasing hormone

Question 59

how do the prolactin releasing system reach the pituitary gland

Answer 59

portal system

Question 60

which part of the pituitary gland do the prolactin releasing factors go to

Answer 60

anterior pituitary

Question 61

how does the prolactin get to the breast

Answer 61

blood stream

Question 62

where does prolactin act

Answer 62

it binds to the prolactin receptors on the lactocytes of the alveoli

Question 63

what does feedback inhibitor of lactataion do

Answer 63

it is in milk and removed when baby suckles so more milk is made

Question 64

what does neural stimuli make the hypothalamus do

Answer 64

release oxytocin

Question 65

where does oxytocin go to

Answer 65

posterior pituitary gland

Question 66

how does the oxytocin work at the breast

Answer 66

smooth muscle contractant

Question 67

what things can trigger the oxytocin mechanism

Answer 67

touch baby crying smell of baby

Question 68

what is the oxytocin reflex mechanism controlled by

Answer 68

limbic system

Question 69

what is the prolactin receptor theory

Answer 69

alveoli stretch with lots of milk prolactin cant bind decreases milk production - if milk is emptied....

Question 70

what is FIL

Answer 70

feedback inhibitor of lactation - whey protein in breast milk, slows milk synthesis when the breasts are ful

Question 71

what supresses ovulation

Answer 71

prolactin

Question 72

things that inhibit prolactin production

Answer 72

not removing milk | retained products of conception

Question 73

things that inhibit milk ejection process

Answer 73

stress | pain

Question 74

what happens to the excess tissue after breast feeding

Answer 74

apoptosis | some was changed into adipose tissue