lecture 2 pregnancy physiology Flashcards
how can you put pregnancy into different time periods
trimesters
how many weeks is pregnancy
37-42
what happens to the foetus during trimester 1
fertilisation, implantation, initial development, placental production
what happens to mum in trimester 1
weight gain
nausea
baby trimester 2
nervous system, hair, spine straighten, pain and proportions
mum trimester 2
placenta growth, uterus rises, hypervolemia, cardiac remodel and breast remodelling
what two cardiac aspects increase in the mum in the 9 months
heart rate
blood volume
what happens to the foetal heart rate in the 9 months
significantly increases in the first trimester then plateaus
fastest stage of foetal growth
2nd trimester
when does pregnancy start
day of last menstruation period
what week does implantation occur
week 4
when does the embryo hatch
luteal phase
where does the embryo go once it has hatched
lines up with the zone of implantation
what does the lining of the uterus have to stop implantation
glycocalyxs
what do the trophoblast and epithelial cells do together
interdigitate
what happens when interdigitation has happened
intergrin binding between cells of the embryo and cells of the uterus
what change do you see in the uterine epithelia cells when the embryo is present
nucleus move to the basolateral membrane
what invasive process do the trophoectoderm cells do on implantation
degrade the stroma - decidualization
how is the embryo secured in place
epithelia grows over the embryo
two types of differentiated trophoectoderm
syncytial trophoectoderm
cytotrophoblasts
which layer of trophoblast is on the outside
syncytial trophoectoderm
what starts forming in the syncytial trophoblasts
lacuna
what are the lacuna filled with
stromal nutrients
what do the lacuna provide the embryo with
nutrients
when the embryo is implanted what molecule does it use to signal
hCG
what does the embryonic hCG signal with
corpus luteum
what does the corpus luteum sustain the production of
progesterone
17b oestradiol
what does 17b oestradiol do
tender enlarged breasts, fatigue, urinary frequency, nausea and constipation
what does the pluriblast from the inner cell mass form
epiblast and hypoblast
hypoblast forms
endoderm
epiblast forms
ectoderm
where does mesoderm come from
epiblast
amnion is formed from
ecto and meso
what do tropho and meso form
chorion
what do endo and meso form
yolk sac
what produces villi
spiral arteries
in a pregnant uterus where do the spiral arteries terminate
lacuna
what grows into the spiral artery
syncitial trophoblast
what is a foetal lobule
lacuna supplied by a spiral artery and an embryonic villi
how do the villi increase surface area
tortuous loops
primary villi
trophobalst cells
secondary villi
mesoderm penetrates into the trophoblast
tertiary villi
vessels penetrate the villi
as the embryo develops where is there a reduction in villi
along the uterine wall
what type of organ does the placenta act as
endocrine
who produces the placenta
foetus
who produces the umbilical cord
foetus
what does the convergence of the villi produce
umbilical cord
what are the glucose transporters on the placenta
glut 1,3,4 and 12
what does the placenta express to attract fats
liporpotein lipase
what can you use to measure placenta function
progesterone
what maternal thing is taken up and converted pregnelone
maternal cholesterol
what is pergnelone converted to in the placenta
progesterone
how can progesterone be used by the foetus
converted to 17b hydroxyprogesterone sulphate
where is 17b hydroxyprogesterone sulphate produced in the foetus
adrenal glands
what is 17b hydroxyprogesterone sulphate converted to and where in the foetus
liver
DHA5
DHA 5 can be converted to
oestradiol
what is the scan at 3 months called
dating scan
what can you pick up on the dating scan
downs
how is downs tested for
thickness of the membrane at the back of the neck -
nuchal translucency
what happens to the mums blood volume in trimester 2
increases
what happens to hCG in 2nd trimester
reduces
what happens to the corpus luteum in second trimester
regresses
what is it called when the baby moves for the first time
quickening
at what week is the foetus bigger than the placenta
week 17
what hormones drive hypervolaemia
progesterone and oestrogen
how does oestrogen drive hypervolaemia
angiogenesis
blood flow
venous distensibility
