lecture 2 pregnancy physiology

Question 1

how can you put pregnancy into different time periods

Answer 1

trimesters

Question 2

how many weeks is pregnancy

Answer 2

37-42

Question 3

what happens to the foetus during trimester 1

Answer 3

fertilisation, implantation, initial development, placental production

Question 4

what happens to mum in trimester 1

Answer 4

weight gain

nausea

Question 5

baby trimester 2

Answer 5

nervous system, hair, spine straighten, pain and proportions

Question 6

mum trimester 2

Answer 6

placenta growth, uterus rises, hypervolemia, cardiac remodel and breast remodelling

Question 7

what two cardiac aspects increase in the mum in the 9 months

Answer 7

heart rate

blood volume

Question 8

what happens to the foetal heart rate in the 9 months

Answer 8

significantly increases in the first trimester then plateaus

Question 9

fastest stage of foetal growth

Answer 9

2nd trimester

Question 10

when does pregnancy start

Answer 10

day of last menstruation period

Question 11

what week does implantation occur

Answer 11

week 4

Question 12

when does the embryo hatch

Answer 12

luteal phase

Question 13

where does the embryo go once it has hatched

Answer 13

lines up with the zone of implantation

Question 14

what does the lining of the uterus have to stop implantation

Answer 14

glycocalyxs

Question 15

what do the trophoblast and epithelial cells do together

Answer 15

interdigitate

Question 16

what happens when interdigitation has happened

Answer 16

intergrin binding between cells of the embryo and cells of the uterus

Question 17

what change do you see in the uterine epithelia cells when the embryo is present

Answer 17

nucleus move to the basolateral membrane

Question 18

what invasive process do the trophoectoderm cells do on implantation

Answer 18

degrade the stroma - decidualization

Question 19

how is the embryo secured in place

Answer 19

epithelia grows over the embryo

Question 20

two types of differentiated trophoectoderm

Answer 20

syncytial trophoectoderm

cytotrophoblasts

Question 21

which layer of trophoblast is on the outside

Answer 21

syncytial trophoectoderm

Question 22

what starts forming in the syncytial trophoblasts

Answer 22

lacuna

Question 23

what are the lacuna filled with

Answer 23

stromal nutrients

Question 24

what do the lacuna provide the embryo with

Answer 24

nutrients

Question 25

when the embryo is implanted what molecule does it use to signal

Answer 25

hCG

Question 26

what does the embryonic hCG signal with

Answer 26

corpus luteum

Question 27

what does the corpus luteum sustain the production of

Answer 27

progesterone | 17b oestradiol

Question 28

what does 17b oestradiol do

Answer 28

tender enlarged breasts, fatigue, urinary frequency, nausea and constipation

Question 29

what does the pluriblast from the inner cell mass form

Answer 29

epiblast and hypoblast

Question 30

hypoblast forms

Answer 30

endoderm

Question 31

epiblast forms

Answer 31

ectoderm

Question 32

where does mesoderm come from

Answer 32

epiblast

Question 33

amnion is formed from

Answer 33

ecto and meso

Question 34

what do tropho and meso form

Answer 34

chorion

Question 35

what do endo and meso form

Answer 35

yolk sac

Question 36

what produces villi

Answer 36

spiral arteries

Question 37

in a pregnant uterus where do the spiral arteries terminate

Answer 37

lacuna

Question 38

what grows into the spiral artery

Answer 38

syncitial trophoblast

Question 39

what is a foetal lobule

Answer 39

lacuna supplied by a spiral artery and an embryonic villi

Question 40

how do the villi increase surface area

Answer 40

tortuous loops

Question 41

primary villi

Answer 41

trophobalst cells

Question 42

secondary villi

Answer 42

mesoderm penetrates into the trophoblast

Question 43

tertiary villi

Answer 43

vessels penetrate the villi

Question 44

as the embryo develops where is there a reduction in villi

Answer 44

along the uterine wall

Question 45

what type of organ does the placenta act as

Answer 45

endocrine

Question 46

who produces the placenta

Answer 46

foetus

Question 47

who produces the umbilical cord

Answer 47

foetus

Question 48

what does the convergence of the villi produce

Answer 48

umbilical cord

Question 49

what are the glucose transporters on the placenta

Answer 49

glut 1,3,4 and 12

Question 50

what does the placenta express to attract fats

Answer 50

liporpotein lipase

Question 51

what can you use to measure placenta function

Answer 51

progesterone

Question 52

what maternal thing is taken up and converted pregnelone

Answer 52

maternal cholesterol

Question 53

what is pergnelone converted to in the placenta

Answer 53

progesterone

Question 54

how can progesterone be used by the foetus

Answer 54

converted to 17b hydroxyprogesterone sulphate

Question 55

where is 17b hydroxyprogesterone sulphate produced in the foetus

Answer 55

adrenal glands

Question 56

what is 17b hydroxyprogesterone sulphate converted to and where in the foetus

Answer 56

liver | DHA5

Question 57

DHA 5 can be converted to

Answer 57

oestradiol

Question 58

what is the scan at 3 months called

Answer 58

dating scan

Question 59

what can you pick up on the dating scan

Answer 59

downs

Question 60

how is downs tested for

Answer 60

thickness of the membrane at the back of the neck - | nuchal translucency

Question 61

what happens to the mums blood volume in trimester 2

Answer 61

increases

Question 62

what happens to hCG in 2nd trimester

Answer 62

reduces

Question 63

what happens to the corpus luteum in second trimester

Answer 63

regresses

Question 64

what is it called when the baby moves for the first time

Answer 64

quickening

Question 65

at what week is the foetus bigger than the placenta

Answer 65

week 17

Question 66

what hormones drive hypervolaemia

Answer 66

progesterone and oestrogen

Question 67

how does oestrogen drive hypervolaemia

Answer 67

angiogenesis blood flow venous distensibility