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block 11 anna > lecture 2 pregnancy physiology > Flashcards

lecture 2 pregnancy physiology Flashcards

1
Q

how can you put pregnancy into different time periods

A

trimesters

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2
Q

how many weeks is pregnancy

A

37-42

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3
Q

what happens to the foetus during trimester 1

A

fertilisation, implantation, initial development, placental production

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4
Q

what happens to mum in trimester 1

A

weight gain

nausea

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5
Q

baby trimester 2

A

nervous system, hair, spine straighten, pain and proportions

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6
Q

mum trimester 2

A

placenta growth, uterus rises, hypervolemia, cardiac remodel and breast remodelling

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7
Q

what two cardiac aspects increase in the mum in the 9 months

A

heart rate

blood volume

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8
Q

what happens to the foetal heart rate in the 9 months

A

significantly increases in the first trimester then plateaus

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9
Q

fastest stage of foetal growth

A

2nd trimester

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10
Q

when does pregnancy start

A

day of last menstruation period

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11
Q

what week does implantation occur

A

week 4

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12
Q

when does the embryo hatch

A

luteal phase

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13
Q

where does the embryo go once it has hatched

A

lines up with the zone of implantation

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14
Q

what does the lining of the uterus have to stop implantation

A

glycocalyxs

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15
Q

what do the trophoblast and epithelial cells do together

A

interdigitate

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16
Q

what happens when interdigitation has happened

A

intergrin binding between cells of the embryo and cells of the uterus

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17
Q

what change do you see in the uterine epithelia cells when the embryo is present

A

nucleus move to the basolateral membrane

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18
Q

what invasive process do the trophoectoderm cells do on implantation

A

degrade the stroma - decidualization

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19
Q

how is the embryo secured in place

A

epithelia grows over the embryo

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20
Q

two types of differentiated trophoectoderm

A

syncytial trophoectoderm

cytotrophoblasts

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21
Q

which layer of trophoblast is on the outside

A

syncytial trophoectoderm

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22
Q

what starts forming in the syncytial trophoblasts

A

lacuna

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23
Q

what are the lacuna filled with

A

stromal nutrients

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24
Q

what do the lacuna provide the embryo with

A

nutrients

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25
Q

when the embryo is implanted what molecule does it use to signal

A

hCG

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26
Q

what does the embryonic hCG signal with

A

corpus luteum

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27
Q

what does the corpus luteum sustain the production of

A

progesterone

17b oestradiol

28
Q

what does 17b oestradiol do

A

tender enlarged breasts, fatigue, urinary frequency, nausea and constipation

29
Q

what does the pluriblast from the inner cell mass form

A

epiblast and hypoblast

30
Q

hypoblast forms

A

endoderm

31
Q

epiblast forms

A

ectoderm

32
Q

where does mesoderm come from

A

epiblast

33
Q

amnion is formed from

A

ecto and meso

34
Q

what do tropho and meso form

A

chorion

35
Q

what do endo and meso form

A

yolk sac

36
Q

what produces villi

A

spiral arteries

37
Q

in a pregnant uterus where do the spiral arteries terminate

A

lacuna

38
Q

what grows into the spiral artery

A

syncitial trophoblast

39
Q

what is a foetal lobule

A

lacuna supplied by a spiral artery and an embryonic villi

40
Q

how do the villi increase surface area

A

tortuous loops

41
Q

primary villi

A

trophobalst cells

42
Q

secondary villi

A

mesoderm penetrates into the trophoblast

43
Q

tertiary villi

A

vessels penetrate the villi

44
Q

as the embryo develops where is there a reduction in villi

A

along the uterine wall

45
Q

what type of organ does the placenta act as

A

endocrine

46
Q

who produces the placenta

A

foetus

47
Q

who produces the umbilical cord

A

foetus

48
Q

what does the convergence of the villi produce

A

umbilical cord

49
Q

what are the glucose transporters on the placenta

A

glut 1,3,4 and 12

50
Q

what does the placenta express to attract fats

A

liporpotein lipase

51
Q

what can you use to measure placenta function

A

progesterone

52
Q

what maternal thing is taken up and converted pregnelone

A

maternal cholesterol

53
Q

what is pergnelone converted to in the placenta

A

progesterone

54
Q

how can progesterone be used by the foetus

A

converted to 17b hydroxyprogesterone sulphate

55
Q

where is 17b hydroxyprogesterone sulphate produced in the foetus

A

adrenal glands

56
Q

what is 17b hydroxyprogesterone sulphate converted to and where in the foetus

A

liver

DHA5

57
Q

DHA 5 can be converted to

A

oestradiol

58
Q

what is the scan at 3 months called

A

dating scan

59
Q

what can you pick up on the dating scan

A

downs

60
Q

how is downs tested for

A

thickness of the membrane at the back of the neck -

nuchal translucency

61
Q

what happens to the mums blood volume in trimester 2

A

increases

62
Q

what happens to hCG in 2nd trimester

A

reduces

63
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum in second trimester

A

regresses

64
Q

what is it called when the baby moves for the first time

A

quickening

65
Q

at what week is the foetus bigger than the placenta

A

week 17

66
Q

what hormones drive hypervolaemia

A

progesterone and oestrogen

67
Q

how does oestrogen drive hypervolaemia

A

angiogenesis
blood flow
venous distensibility

block 11 anna (14 decks)

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