Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHRM 501 > Lecture 8 and 9: DNA and RNA > Flashcards

Lecture 8 and 9: DNA and RNA Flashcards

1
Q

Aneuploidy

A
  • presence of one or more extra chromosomes or the absence of one or more chromosomes.
  • can occur by mitosis or meiosis or crossover during metaphase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Karyotypes

A

-is a test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells. Extra or missing chromosomes, or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces, can cause problems with a person’s growth, development, and body functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DNA Ligase

A 
seals DNA (okazaki) fragments on lagging strand
-repairs and joins together two DNA strands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DNA polymerase

A

repairs gaps between Okazaki fragments

  • responsible for DNA replication
  • needed so the cells DNA can duplicate
  • Deoxynucleotide polymerization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA primase

A

Initiates synthesis of RNA primers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Topoisomerases

A

relieves torsional strain that results from helicase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Helicase

A

unwinds dna strands which forms replication fork( two DNA strands ripped apart)
-ATP driven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Synthesis of a new DNA strand is written in which of the following direction

A

B. 5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of DNA Damage

A

Replication-Natural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Trisomy 21

A
  • Extra chromosome on 21

- Down syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diploid

A

Two sets of genetic info
- one maternal, one paternal
23 sets-> 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

RNA

A
  • ribose sugar
  • has uracil
  • single stranded
  • is a complementary copy of DNA
  • made in shorter units than DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cyclic nucleotides

A

play an important role in cell signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine 5 Triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Purines

A
  • Have two rings

- A and G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pyrimidine

A
  • Have one ring

- C, G and U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nucleoside

A

Base+Sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nucleotide

A

Base+Sugar+Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following statement is correct? Ribose and deoxyribose are present in mammals in a:
A. D‐beta configuration?
B. L‐beta configuration?C. D‐alpha configuration?
D. L‐alpha configuratio

A

A. D‐beta configuration?

D-sugars are in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Transcription

A

DNA -> RNA

-carried out by RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

Links mRNA to amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

miRNA

A

inhibit/modulates translation

–Transcribed from DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

snRNA

A

intron removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

RNA Polymerase

A
  • Starts copying template strand
  • no proofreading
  • DOES NOT participate in mRNA splicing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Translation

A

mRNA to protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Splicing

A

Introns are removed and exons are spliced together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Rifamycin group

A

inhibit RNA synthesis by targeting RNA polymerase

28
Q

Coding Strand

A

5’ to 3’

29
Q

Template Strand

A

3’ to 5’

30
Q

IncRNA

A

regulate mRNA and gene

transcription via RNA Pol II

31
Q

DMD

A

Exon is deleted which is a mutation that abolishes expression of dystrophin which is an essential protein that maintains muscle fiber integrity

32
Q

Ribose

A

ribonucleic acid

33
Q

Deoxyribose

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

- lacks oxygen on the 2’ carbon

34
Q

In DNA A pairs with____

and G pairs with ____

A

T

C

35
Q

How many copys of genetic info do we have?

A

two

36
Q

Is all DNA in one linear strand?

A

No we have chromosomes

37
Q

How do we go
from meters of
DNA to microns?

A

Histones → nucleosomes

38
Q

DNA replication – S phase

A
  • Requires several origins of replication
    -Occurs from ssDNA template
  • Requires RNA primer to initiate replication
  • is directional
  • Requires ligation of individually copies and
    re-condensation into chromatin structure
39
Q

Okazaki fragments

A
  • Lagging ( 3’ to 5’)

- Leading strands ( 5’ to 3’)

40
Q

Polymerase can only make new DNA

A

in the 5’-3’ direction from a 3’-5’ template

41
Q

DNA replication in eukaryotic cells

A
  1. Binding of initiator proteins
  2. Binding of DNA Helicase
  3. Loading DNA Helicase onto DNA strand
  4. DNA helicase unwinds the DNA double strand
  5. RNA primer syntheis enables DNA polymerase to start first DNA chain
    6 Formation of replication forks
42
Q

Single-strand binding proteins (SSBs)

A
  • Prevent premature reannealing of daDNA
43
Q

Spontaneous/endogenous DNA damage

A

– Deamination
– Oxidation (ROS)
– Methylation

44
Q

Exogenous DNA damage

A

– UV radiation
– Ionizing radiation
– Drugs and environmental exposure

45
Q

In RNA

A

no primer is needed compare to in DNA replication

- no proofreading

46
Q

Coding strand ATGATCTCGTAA -> mRNA

A

AUGAUCUCGUAA

47
Q

Coding strand ATGATCTCGTAA -> template strand

A

TACTAGAGCATT

48
Q

Endogenous

A

having internal cause or origin

49
Q

Endogenous RNA

A

miRNA
snRNA
IncRNA

50
Q

Rifamycin group: Rifampin, Rifabutin, Rifapentine

A

Inhibit RNA synthesis by targeting RNA polymerase.

51
Q

Transcription begins when

A

RNA polymerase binds to a so-called promoter sequence on the DNA molecule
- They express genes at different times -> development, differentiation, adaptation

52
Q

Mechanisms regulating gene expression

A
  • Gene amplification
  • Gene rearrangment
  • RNA processing
  • Alternate mRNA splicing
  • Transport of mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm
  • Regulation of mRNA stability
  • Compartmentalization
  • ncRNA silencing and activation
53
Q

mRNA processing and splicing – Intron removal

A
  1. Primary transcript
  2. Nucleophilic attack at 5’ end of intron
  3. Lariat formation
  4. Cut at 3’ end of intron
  5. Ligation of 3’ end of exon 1 to 5’ end of exon 2
54
Q

Which of the following statement about RNA polymerase complex
is false? RNA polymerase
A. binds to the promotor region on the DNA strand
B. participates in mRNA transcription
C. participates in mRNA elongation
D.participates in mRNA splicing

A

D.participates in mRNA splicing

55
Q

From a gene to a protein

• mRNA → proteins through

A
  • Initation
  • Elongation
  • Termination

Requires:
• mRNA
• tRNA
• rRNA

56
Q

What would be the anticodon for the start codon AUG?

A

UAC

57
Q

Codon is read

Anti-codon is read

A

5’ to 3’ AUG mRNA

3’ to 5’. UAC

58
Q

Translation initiation

A 
- mRNA must associate with rRNA
• Location “start” codon (AUG) = codon
• Matched to AUC on tRNA = anticodon
• Attached to methionine
• Amino acid chain begins
59
Q

Elongation

A
  • “Read” mRNA in sets of 3 NA = codon
  • Growing chain in P-site; amino acid added in A site, then shift down
  • Repeat until reach codon with “empty” anti-codon/tRNA
60
Q

Termination

A

• Chain elongation will
stop when tRNA
associating lacks an
amino acid

61
Q

miRNA are also transcribed from

A

DNA (specific genes encoding for miRNA)

62
Q

Transcription takes place in ____ where translation takes place in ____

A

Nucleus

RIbosome

63
Q

Which of the following statements about miRNA is correct?
A. miRNAs are transcribed from RNA
B. miRNAs are transcribed from DNA
C. miRNAs are involved in mRNA splicing
D. miRNAs are involved in DNA transcription

A

B. miRNAs are transcribed from DNA

64
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

A

an X-linked genetic disease and one of the most severe form of
muscular dystrophy
- 1 in 5,000 male births
- is due to missense mutations in the dystrophin gene abolishing
expression of the dystrophin, an essential protein that maintains muscle fiber integrity

65
Q

Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomer (PMO)

A Promising Drug to Treat DMD

A

exon skipping therapy
- In frame – mRNA translated,
Truncated protein product

PHRM 501 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions