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PHRM 501 > Lecture 5: Structure/Fctn of lipids and Lecture 6: Carbs > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Structure/Fctn of lipids and Lecture 6: Carbs Flashcards

1
Q

Fatty acids (FA)

A

Produce energy, synthesis of Triglycerides (TG), PL

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2
Q

Triglycerides (TG)

A

Lipid/ fatty acid storage (unused calories)

  • glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids
  • generated by esterification of fatty acids to glycerol
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3
Q

Phospholipids are involved in

A

cell membranes, cell signaling

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4
Q

Cholesterol

A

cell membranes, steroids, Vitamin D and bile acid synthesis

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5
Q

Bile acids

A

Solubilize dietary fat and oil and help with their intestinal absorption

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6
Q

Eicosanoids are involved in

A

Signaling, regulation of inflammation

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7
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Both cell signaling and cell membrane stabilization and protection against harmful chemicals

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8
Q

Saturated fats have

A

no double bond
more hydrogen atoms
more saturated- > higher melting point

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9
Q

Unsaturated

A

one double bond

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10
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

more than one double bond

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11
Q

Fatty acids

A
  • occur in the body mainly as esters (attached to a glycerol) like in phospholipids or triglycerides
  • usually contain even number of carbon atoms when in natural fats
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12
Q

cis form

A

120˚ is saturated and then becomes unsaturated where at the bond the angle becomes 120˚

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13
Q

trans form

A

110˚ looks like regular saturated bond

ch3ch2ch2ch2ch2ch3

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14
Q

Omega 3 Fatty acids

A
  • Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids

- Present in fish oil, walnut oil, squid oil

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15
Q

TG effects

A
  • High levels of TG can lead to complications such as heart diseases, stroke, obesity and metabolic syndrome (diabetes).
  • Treatment diet, exercise and some lipid lowering drugs (fenofibrate)
    Normal level is less than 150 mg/dL
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16
Q

Phospholipid

A

1 glycerol+ 1 phosphate group + 2 fatty acids

  • amphiphilic
  • play an important role in plasma membrane structure and function
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17
Q

Phosphatidylethanolamine is composed of:
A.glycerol and 2 fatty acids.
B. Phosphatidic acid, 2 fatty acids and a polar head group.
C.glycerol and one fatty acid and a polar head group.
D.glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

A

B. Phosphatidic acid, 2 fatty acids and a polar head group

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18
Q

Platelet activating factor (PAF)

A

PAF functions as a mediator of hypersensitivity, acute inflammatory reactions, and anaphylactic shock

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19
Q

What kind of phospholipids will increase fluidity of the plasma membrane?
A.Those that are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
B.Those that are rich in saturated fatty acids.
C.Those that have a hydrophilic polar group

A

A.Those that are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.

  • having multiple bonds allows for there to be space in between the molecules. This allows passage of other things in those spaces which allows fluidity
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20
Q

Fatty acid elongation

A

Fatty acid synthesis

-involves acyl-CoA and requires energy

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21
Q

Fatty acid Beta oxidation

A

Fatty acid degradation

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22
Q

Cholesterol

A

including triglycerides and phospholipids (major lipids of body)

  • shuttled via lipoproteins in the body to different organs
  • used to build cells and certain hormones
  • involved in the synthesis of steroids, vitamins and bile acids
  • too much can cause heart disease
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23
Q

Which enzyme for statin drugs

A

HMG-CoA reductase

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24
Q

What are Eicosanoids?

A

Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid.

  • They are involved in a number of functions regulating inflammation, immune response, cell growth, blood pressure.
  • They can also cause fever and contribute to perception of pain.
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25
Q

Steroid example

A

Cortisol

- type of cholesterol

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26
Q

Bile acids example

A

Lithocholic acid

- type of cholesterol

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27
Q

Glucose is

A

stored as glycogen in liver and muscle
-important source of energy during cellular respiration
- major metabolic fuel in mammals
-

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28
Q

Glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen. Involves hexokinase, phosphoglutamase

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29
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars
- most basic units of carbohydrates
formula CnH2nOn
- classified according to the number of carbons they contain in their backbone structures

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30
Q

Aldoses

A
  • carbonyl group on the end

- ex: glucose (C6H12O6), ribose (C5H10O5), glucofuranose

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31
Q

Ketoses

A
  • carbonyl group on the inner portion of molecule

- ex: fructose, ribulose

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32
Q

D-ribose

A
  • nucleic acid and metabolic intermediate

- structural component of nucleic acids and coenzymes including ATP

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33
Q

D- Ribulose

A
  • metabolic intermediate

- Intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway

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34
Q

D-Xylose, D-Arabinose, D-mannose

A

constituent of glycoproteins

- source is plant gums

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35
Q

D-Glucose

A
  • found in fruit juices, hydrolysis of starch, cane or beet sugar, maltose and lactose
  • the main metabolic fuel for tissues, “blood sugar”
36
Q

D-Fructose

A
  • found in fruit juices, honey, hydrolysis of cane or beet sugar and insulin
  • readily metabolized either vis glucose or directly
37
Q

D-galactose

A
  • hydrolysis of lactose
  • synthesized in mammary gland for synthesis of lactose in milk
  • readily metabolized to glucose
38
Q

Alpha conformation

A

You look at the two molecules next to oxygen. R-group and OH and they should facing opposite directions

39
Q

Beta conformation

A

You look at the two molecules next to oxygen. R-group and OH and they should facing the same directions
- beta both

40
Q

Cellulose

A

linear structure with many monosaccharides

41
Q

During glycolysis, 1 molecule of glucose produces

A

2 molecules of pyruvate

42
Q

Glucosamine

A

monosaccharide that contains a nitrogen atom

43
Q

Glycosylation

A
  • major form of protein modification

- sugars are added in the golgi and ER

44
Q

Glycoproteins

A
  • contain one or more covalently linked carbohydrate chains
  • cell signaling,
  • plays a major role in cell recognition
  • protect cell walls
  • stabilize proteins against proteolysis
45
Q

Sugars have

A

-large numbers of stereoisomers bc they contain several asymmetric carbon atoms

46
Q

Hypertriglyceridemia

A
  • Normal: Less than 150 mg/dL
  • Borderline high: 150 to 199 mg/dL
  • High: 200 to 499 mg/dL
  • Very high: 500 mg/dL or above
47
Q

Polar head groups are

A

hydrophilic

48
Q

Apolar chaines are

A

hydrophobic

- tails

49
Q

Plasmalogens are

A

Enriched in myelin sheaths and protects against reactive

oxygen species

50
Q

Mutations in the ABCD1 gene lead to

A

impaired transport of
VLFAs to peroxisome for degradation. This leads to their accumulation in vulnerable tissues such as brain. This become toxic to myelin and result in demyelination of axons.
- The disease are called leukodystrophies

51
Q

Cholesterol is involved in a number of biologically

and physiologically important function such as

A
  • Important component of the plasma membrane.
  • Regulates membrane fluidity.
  • Involved in biosynthesis of steroid hormones.
  • Component of lipoproteins VLDL, LDL and HDL.
52
Q

Lipoproteins

A

• Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
• Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
• High density lipoproteins (HDL) shuttles lipids to the
liver for catabolism

53
Q

What is good cholesterol?

A

HDL cholesterol

- happy cholesterol

54
Q

What is bad cholesterol?

A

LDL cholesterol

- lousy cholesterol

55
Q

HDL Cholesterol

A

With HDL cholesterol the higher the better
- • <40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women = higher risk
• 40-50 mg/dL for men and 50-60 mg/dL for women = normal values
• >60 mg/dL is associated with some level of protection against heart
disease

56
Q

LDL Cholesterol

A

With LDL cholesterol the lower the better
• <100 mg/dL = optimal values
• 100 mg/dL-129 mg/dL = optimal to near optimal
• 130 mg/dL-159 mg/dL = borderline high risk
• 160 mg/dL-189 mg/dL = high risk
• 190 mg/dL and higher = very high risk

57
Q 
Which of the following enzymes is targeted by statins (cholesterol lowering drugs)?
A. HMG-CoA reductase.
B. Acetyl-transferase.
C. Fatty acyl transferase.
D. Glycogen phosphorylase.
A

A. HMG-CoA reductase

58
Q

Total Serum Cholesterol:

A
  • <200 mg/dL = desired values
  • 200–239 mg/dL = borderline to high risk
  • 240 mg/dL and above = high risk
59
Q

Lipids are involved in the

A

synthesis of steroid hormones and eicosanoids

prostaglandins leukotrienes and thromboxanes

60
Q

Prostacyclin (PGI2) target

A
  • endothelium
  • kidney
  • brain
61
Q

Thromboxane A2 target

A
  • platelets
  • macrophages
  • kidney
  • smooth muscle
62
Q

Prostaglandin E2 target

A
  • brain
  • kidney
  • smooth muscle
63
Q

Prostaglandin F2a target

A
  • brain
  • kidney
  • smooth muscle
64
Q

Diseases associated with carbohydrate metabolism

include

A
  • diabetes mellitus
  • galactosemia
  • glycogen storage diseases
  • lactose intolerance
65
Q

Trioses (C3H6O3)

A
  • Glycerose
    (glyceraldehyde)
  • Dihydroxyacetone
66
Q

Tetroses (C4H8O4)

A

Erythrose

Erythrulose

67
Q

Pentoses (C5H10O5)

A

Ribose

Ribulose

68
Q

Hexoses (C6H12O6)

A

Glucose

Fructose

69
Q 
Glucose is:
A. an ester
B. a ketose
C.an aldose
D. an ether
A

C.an aldose

  • has an aldehyde group on carbon 1
70
Q

L-Xylulose

A
  • Metabolic intermediate
    -Excreted in the urine in
    essential pentosuria
71
Q

D-glucose and D-Fructose can exist in

A

alpha and beta conformation

72
Q 
Glucosamine is a naturally occurring amino sugar with the following structure. In humans it is the precursor for glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids and glycoproteins
What is its configuration?
A. Alpha-D
B. Alpha-L
C.Beta-D
D.Beta-L
A

A. Alpha-D

73
Q

Starch molecule looks like

A
  • polysaccharide
  • simplest form is amylose: looped form
  • amylopectin is the branched form: branches out
74
Q

Glycogen molecule looks like

A
  • polysaccharide compose of alot more subunits than starch
  • branches out
  • less ordered
75
Q

Cellulose (fiber) looks like

A
  • polysaccharide

- very order structure

76
Q

Glucose is stored as

A

glycogen in liver and muscle

77
Q

Glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen

78
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

degradation of glycogen

79
Q

1 Acetyl-CoA yields

A

1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

80
Q

1 NADH yields

A

2.5 ATP

81
Q

1 FADH2 yields

A

1.5 ATP

82
Q 
During glycolysis, 1 molecule
of glucose produces.
A. 1 molecule of pyruvate
B. 2 molecules of pyruvate
C. 3 molecules of pyruvate
A

B. 2 molecules of pyruvate

83
Q

Glucosamine

A

monosaccharides that contain a nitrogen atom

84
Q

Monosaccharides with amine groups are found

mainly in

A

the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins

85
Q

All N-linked carbohydrates are linked through

A

N-Acetylglucosamine and the side chain of Asparagine

86
Q

Most O-linked carbohydrate covalent attachments to proteins involve a linkage between

A

the monosaccharide N- Acetylgalactosamine and the

side chain of a serine or threonine residue

PHRM 501 (21 decks)

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