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PHRM 501 > Exam 2- Physiology of a Primer > Flashcards

Exam 2- Physiology of a Primer Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

study of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease

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2
Q

Toxicology

A

study of undesirable effects on living systems

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3
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

what the drugs does to the body

Ex: Potency, Efficacy and Receptor/Drug Interactions

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to the drug

Ex: ADME

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5
Q

What are the goals of drug therapy

A
  1. get the drug into the body
  2. reach the target organ
  3. stay at the site of action long enough to have a therapeutic effect
  4. cause no harm
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6
Q

Routes of administration

A

enteral vs. parenteral

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7
Q

Enteral

A

administration via the GI tract

Ex: Oral, rectal

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8
Q

Parenteral

A

administer by routes other than the GI tract

Ex: Intravenous (IV)- vein, arteries, heart, joints, skeletal muscles

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9
Q

Absorption

A

the process by which a drug reaches the circulation

- Primary organ: small intestine for oral route because of the large surface area for contact w drug

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

alternation or breakdown of drugs

  • Primary organ: liver
  • because many enzymes that can break down drugs
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11
Q

Distribution

A

movement of drugs throughout the body

  • Primary organ: heart
  • pumps blood throughout the body
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12
Q

Excretion

A
  • removal of drugs from the body
    -Primary organ: kidney
    Many drugs are water soluble and readily pass into urine
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13
Q

Oral administration

A

passes through the liver before reaching systemic circulation

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14
Q

First pass metabolism

A

inactivation of a drug that occurs before it reaches the systemic circulation

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15
Q

Passage of taking a drug orally through the body

A
  • Mouth -> esophagus -> stomach-> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum -> (all lead to liver through portal vein) -> finally it reaches systemic circulation
    The rectum can go straight to systemic circulation
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16
Q

3 Parts of small intestine

A

Ileum, duodenum, jejunum

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17
Q

What kind of cells are in the small intestine

A

enterocytes, polarized cells and some metabolic capacity

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18
Q

What increases absorption in the small intestine

A

a single layer of epithelial cells and lots of surface area (villi and microvilli) which increases absorption
- lots of blood flow supplied by the mesenteric artery

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19
Q

Intravascular

A

within the blood vessels

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20
Q

Blood is made up of

A

plasma + blood cells

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21
Q

Plasma is

A

the fluid between RBCs and WBCs in the blood

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22
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

fluid within the RBCs and WBCs

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23
Q

Extravascular

A

outside of blood vessels

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24
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

fluid between tissue cells in the extravascular space

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25
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

fluid within tissue cells

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26
Q

Cardiovascular system

A
  • involved in distribution
  • Blood: RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma
  • carries oxygen and nutrients to body (tissues)
  • oxygenated blood is pumped away from the heart (arteries)
  • carries CO2 and wastes from the body (tissues)
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27
Q

Distribution: Lymphatic system

A
  • circulatory and immune system
  • open system, slower flowing-not pressurized
  • spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus
  • connected by lymph vessels
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28
Q

Two major cardiovascular circulatory systems

A

Systemic and pulmonary systems

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29
Q

What feeds into the liver?

A

portal vein and hepatic artery

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30
Q

What empties into the hepatic vein

A

the central vein from the liver

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31
Q

How do we reach the target of interest?

A

Perfusion, Permeability, Size-Exclusion, Concentration, Surface Area, Contact Time

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32
Q

Perfusion

A

Pertains to blood flow to a tissue

  • Poorly perfused (muscle, skin, bone and fat are slowest)
  • Richly perfused (heart, kidney, liver)
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33
Q

Size Exclusion

A

Processed by the kidney. Small particles will go into urine. Larger proteins/particles will stay in blood. (if this gets into the urine then it’s an issue)

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34
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Permeability limited, but not perfusion limited

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35
Q

Rectal Drug Delivery

A

can be first pass or directly depending on the position where it’s inserted

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36
Q

How does the drug reach the liver

A

Portal circulation via the portal vein

37
Q

Arteries

A

away from the heart

- carries oxygenated blood except for pulmonary artery

38
Q

What happens in the veins in the cardiovascular system?

A

Carries CO2 and wastes from tissues

- carries deoxygenated blood to the heart

39
Q

The hepatic vein empties into

A

the inferior vena cava

portal vein-> central vein from liver -> hepatic vein-> inferior vena cava

40
Q

Blood from the upper torso enters the

A

superior vena cava

41
Q

Deoxygenated blood passes through

A

the pulmonary artery to the lungs

42
Q

Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs

A

via the pulmonary vein

43
Q

Blood enters the kidney though

A

the renal artery

44
Q

Blood leaves the kidneys

A

through the renal vein

45
Q

Liver is aka

Primary fctn

A

hepatic
Primary function- break down drugs between GI tact and systemic circulation
Lots of blood flow

46
Q

Primary function of liver

A

serves to breakdown drugs between blood from GI tract and system circulation

47
Q

Portal triad

A
  1. Hepatic artery (Blood inlet: 20% flow)
  2. Portal vein (80% flow)
  3. Common bile duct (Outlet for bile)
48
Q

Livers primary cell type

A

Hepatocytes

49
Q

Sinusoids

A

large capillaries between rows or hepatocytes

50
Q

All drugs will eventually pass through

A

the liver

51
Q

Lymph

A

Recycling of used interstitial fluid to blood

52
Q

Enterohepatic cycling

A

A drug enters the liver via the portal vein and then is returned to the small intestine in the bile via the gall bladder

  • or its reabsorbed into portal circulation
  • Distributed to systemic circulation via the central vein
53
Q

Kidney aka

A

renal

54
Q

Primary functions of kindey

A
  1. remove waste
  2. controls fluid balance
  3. regulates the balance of electrolytes
    lots of blood flow
55
Q

Kidney processes a lot of fluid

A
  • 173 L water per day via renal artery
  • 171-172 L water per day returned to body via renal vein
  • 1-2 L excreted as urine
56
Q

Excretion by the kidney is regulated by 3 processes

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Secretion
  3. Reabsorption
57
Q

Removal of wastes happens how

A

Glomerular filtration and tubular secretion

58
Q

Re-uptake of nutrients/ drugs

A

Reabsorption

59
Q

What processes are passive transport?

A

Filtration and Reaborption

60
Q

What processes are facilitated transport?

A

Secretion

61
Q

Filtration happens in

Drug Protein binding

A

the glomerulus

Only free drug

62
Q

Secretion happens in

A

the proximal tubule

Drug protein binding- Some effect

63
Q

Reabsorption happens in

A

the distal tubule

Drug protein binding - not applicable so not no effect

64
Q

Direction of blood flow from the heart

A 
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vena Cava
65
Q

Which parts of blood flow is oxygenated and deoxygenated

A
  1. Aorta, arteries, arterioles are oxygenated
  2. Venules, veins and vena cava are deoxygenated
  3. Capillaries are where the exchange of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood happens
66
Q

To get from the intravascular to extravascular space, a drug must pass through what?

A

capillary endothelial barrier

67
Q

What does the vascular endothelial layer do

A

it lines the interior surface of all the blood vessels in the circulatory system

68
Q

Endothelial cell characteristics

A
  • porous to ionized/ non- ionized species <600 Da
  • not porous to plasma proteins
  • some exchange through vesicle formation
  • permeability is location dependent
69
Q

Lipid soluble substances pass through what?

A

endothelial cells

70
Q

Small water- soluble substances pass through what?

A

pores

71
Q

Plasma proteins cant passes

A

capillary wall

72
Q

Exchangeable proteins are moved across

A

by vascular transport

73
Q

Capillary endothelial barrier characteristics

A
  • leaky

- easy passage of molecules from vascular lumen into extravascular space

74
Q

What are some more permeability limited barriers?

A
  • cell membrane barrier
  • blood brain barrier
  • blood-CSF barrier
  • blood-placental barrier
  • blood-testes barrier
75
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid compartment of the cell

76
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

helps to maintain cell shape and structure

77
Q

Lysosomes

A

intracellular digestion

78
Q

Ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

79
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth- lipid synthesis

rough- protein synthesis

80
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

folding and transport of proteins

81
Q

Small molecule drugs target

A

intra or extracellular targets

  • If intracellular, the drug not only has to get to the organ, but also into the cell and possibly to a specific organelle
82
Q

Large molecule drugs tarrget

A

extracellular targets

83
Q

Different types of molecules are used as drugs such as:

A

Calcium, CaCO3, TUMS

Lithium, Li2CO3, Lithobid

84
Q

Xenobiotic

A

a chemical that is not synthesized within the body

85
Q

Toxins

A

poisons of biological origin

bacterial, animal or plant

86
Q

What happens if we increase the dose,

A

we increase the plasma concentration

87
Q

Drug-Receptor Interactions

A
  • The drug must have the appropriate size, shape, charge and atomic composition to interact with its intended receptor
88
Q

Most drug targets are

A

proteins

- ion channels, enzymes, receptors, transporters

PHRM 501 (21 decks)

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