Lecture 8- Abnormal Development Flashcards
What causes mental health problems during puberty?
interactions between puberty, environment, and genetics
How does Child poverty affect mental health?
- poor maturation of memory and amygdala (contributes to stress reactivity)
- reduced limbic areas
Name Stress types
1) good stress (adaptation)
2) Tolerable stress (negative but remediable)
3) toxic stress- long term physiological and negative behavioural response- allostatic load
What are the effects of toxic stress?
- disruption of brain and metabolic systems
- damage to the regulation of these systems
- cause chronic stress-related physical and mental illness
What affect does toxic stress have on the brain?
1) Changes in brain volume reduction and disruption of protective myelin growth
2) inhibit neurogenesis of the hippocampus
3) effects on the amygdala, PFC and anterior insula
What leads to stress overload?
1) Capacity of resources
2) Toxic stress inhibits hippocampus and contextual learning
3) Difficulties discriminating between dangerous situations and safe ones
What are the brain effects pf toxic stress?
1) OFC PFC develops to promote vigilance for danger or threat
2) regulating impulses and mood
3) Poor set of shifting and mentalizing
4) Poor mood regulation and less able to engage in thoughtful planning
What is Epigenetics?
Environmental influences that change how genes are expressed
What is Exposome?
- the essence of nurture
- it’s the summation and integration of external forces acting upon genome
What are the environmental factors that compromise the exposome?
- where they live
- what they eat
- quality of air
- lifestyle choices
What can be said about epigenetic modifications?
- it cannot be reversed
- recovery from ealry experience is possible by redirecting gene expression to compensate for what happened
- recovery, redirection, and resilience are possible
What is Reciprocal interaction?
1) Immune, metabolic, autonomic, and neuroendocrine systems talk to and affect each other and talk back to the brain
What does Allostasis involve?
Turning on physiological response when needed and turning it off when the stressor is over
What affect does stress have on chromosome?
1) Telomeres shortened
2) Associated with aging and disease
What are the causes for abnormal Infant development?
attachment disruptions
trauma
Why is the critical period important for infants?
1) involved in the development of the self and its regulation
2) disturbance causes mental health problems
Why are adolescents vulnerable to mental health problems?
1) sensitive period of development
2) Malleability and sensitivity to outside environment
3) Can foster resilience and contribute to the trajectory of poor health
What effect does the environment have on mental health problems?
1) expose people to experiences that will produce adaptation in brain processes and physiological processes
2) Environment leads to flourishing or struggling
How does anxiety develop?
1) Large levels of stress can induce it
2) young kids- more physiological symptoms
3) puberty allows them to name their feelings and identify anxiety cognitions
How does an eating disorder develop in young children?
- more likely to encore body-related signals of discomfort with the eating
- avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (AFRID)
Why do eating disorders develop in adolescence?
- become more socially and bodily conscious
- as puberty changes the body- body image concerns start to develop
How can we prevent abnormal development?
1) Family-based intervention
2) stress reduction
3) Programmes to teach ppl to cope with stress during the transition from primary to middle school
How can we promote well being?
1) mindfulness and empathy sensitizing work
2) programmed that facilitates physical activity and social integration
3) enrichment programs- increase brain changes for academics that be used in low SES areas
