Lecture 6- Abnormal Neurodevelopment

Question 1

What is a neurodevelopmental disorder?

Answer 1

disorder that influences how the brain functions and alters neurological development causing difficulties in social, cognitive, and emotional functioning

Question 2

What does ADHD stand for?

Answer 2

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Question 3

Define inattention

Answer 3

1) failing to attend to details
2) not listen when spoken to
3) frequent loss of belongings

Question 4

Define Hyper activity- Impulsivity

Answer 4

1) Frequent fidgeting
2) Excessive talking
3) Difficulties waiting

Question 5

when do inattention and hyperactivity develop and what are the effects?

Answer 5

• present before age 12
• cause functional impairment

Question 6

What is the cause of ADHD?

Answer 6

1) Genetics
2) Environmental factors - parental smoking, brain damage

Question 7

Why is ADHD more prevalent in boys/

Answer 7

they externalize attention
- reward processing
- sluggish cognitive tempo

Question 8

What is Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome?

Answer 8

Barkley- Sluggish Cognitive Tempo
1) associated with inattentive symptoms
2) 40% of those with ADHD have these symptoms
3) Excessive day dreaming slowed behaviour

Question 9

What are the treatments of ADHD?

Answer 9

1) Medication
2) Behavioural management
3) planning and organization
4) Organizational skills training
5) CBT
6) Cognitive rehabilitation

Question 10

Name the Disruptive Behaviour Disorder

Answer 10

Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Conduct Disorder

Question 11

What are the symptoms of Oppositional Defiant disorder?

Answer 11

1) Angry mood- loose temper, easily annoyed
2) Argumentative- argues with an authority figure, and actively refuses to comply
3) Vindictiveness- been spiteful at least twice in the 6 months

Question 12

how long to symptoms need to show for oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer 12

6 months +

Question 13

What are the causes of oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer 13

1) parents with substance problems/ mood disorders
2) neglect
3) lack of parental involvement, family instability

Question 14

What are the treatments for oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer 14

1) Behavioural management
2) Mentalisation based family therapy= identify attachment disruptions that lead to problem behaviour

Question 15

What is Parent child Interaction therapy?

Answer 15

1) incorporates= SLT, developmental, behavioural principles, and traditional play therapy
2) use one-way mirror and bug in the ear
3) there are child and parent-directed interaction phases

Question 16

How does an individual behave when they have a Conduct Disorder?

Answer 16

1) Aggressive towards animals
2) Physical altercations with others
3) Deliberately cruel to others
4) involved in economic r=order crime
5) Lack of guilt and remorse

Question 17

How common is the Conduct disorder?

Answer 17

2-10%
more common in boys

Question 18

What is the treatment for Conduct Disorder?

Answer 18

1) Parent-child interaction therapy
2) Trauma treatment
3) Behavioural management
4) mentalisation based family therapy
5) empathy training

Question 19

What is Autism?

Answer 19

persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across contexts

Question 20

What are the criteria’s for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Answer 20

1) restricted repetitive pattern of behaviour
2) repetitive motor movement
3) insistence on sameness, distress if small changes
4) highly restricted fixed interests

Question 21

what is the prevalence rate and causes of autism?

Answer 21

1)1 in 100 children, common in boys
2) genetic and environmental factors
3) disorders are heterogeneous

Question 22

What are the key difficulties of Autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 22

1) sensory processing
2) emotion processing
3) difficulties with empathy
4) difficulties with executive functioning

Question 23

What are the treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Answer 23

1) Behavioural management behavioural analysis
- provide behavioural contingencies for behaviours that increase compliance with demands and flexibility
2) examine antecedents, behaviours, and consequences

Question 24

What is the treatment for high-functioning Autism?

Answer 24

1) provide antecedent
management, teach new behaviours, and work with the parent on behavioural rewards
- organization, emotion processing, empathy

Question 25

Name 5 Neurogenic Disorders

Answer 25

1) Prada-Willi syndrome
2) Turner syndrome
3) Klinefelter syndrome
4) Fragile X
5) Williams syndrome

Question 26

What is the Prada-Willi syndrome?

Answer 26

1) Missing genetic material on chromosome 15
2) at birth floppiness, failure to thrive, and difficulties feeding
3) disturbed growth, excessive appetite, high pain tolerance

Question 27

What is the prevalence rate of Prada-Willi syndrome?

Answer 27

1 in every 20,000/30,000 births

Question 28

What is the effect of Turner syndrome?

Answer 28

1) stunned growth
2) heart problems
3) no natural menses (need hormones to grow)
4) increase incidence of ADHD and autism
5) problem is due to what chromosome is missing

Question 29

How prevalent is turner syndrome?

Answer 29

1 in every 2000/2500

Question 30

What effect does Klinefelter syndrome have?

Answer 30

1) Boys have an extra dosage of X chromosome
2) infertility and small testes
3) greater height poor motor coordination, breast growth
4) attention problems and social difficulty

Question 31

How prevalent is Klinefelter syndrome?

Answer 31

1 in 650

Question 32

What is Fragile X?

Answer 32

1) leads to problems with making FMRP which affects brain development
2) development delays
3) social & behavioural problems ( hand flapping, averse to eye contact)

Question 33

How prevalent is Fragile X?

Answer 33

1 in 7000 males
1 11,000 females

Question 34

What is Williams Syndrome?

Answer 34

1) Micro deletion of one copy of chromosome 7 at position 7q11.23
2) Mild to moderate intellectual disability
3) Poor visual-spatial skills
4) Growth problems

Question 35

How prevalent is William syndrome?

Answer 35

1 in 18,000