Lecture 6- Abnormal Neurodevelopment Flashcards
What is a neurodevelopmental disorder?
disorder that influences how the brain functions and alters neurological development causing difficulties in social, cognitive, and emotional functioning
What does ADHD stand for?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Define inattention
1) failing to attend to details
2) not listen when spoken to
3) frequent loss of belongings
Define Hyper activity- Impulsivity
1) Frequent fidgeting
2) Excessive talking
3) Difficulties waiting
when do inattention and hyperactivity develop and what are the effects?
- present before age 12
- cause functional impairment
What is the cause of ADHD?
1) Genetics
2) Environmental factors - parental smoking, brain damage
Why is ADHD more prevalent in boys?
they externalize attention
- reward processing
- sluggish cognitive tempo
What is Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome?
Barkley- Sluggish Cognitive Tempo
1) associated with inattentive symptoms
2) 40% of those with ADHD have these symptoms
3) Excessive day dreaming slowed behaviour
What are the treatments of ADHD?
1) Medication
2) Behavioural management
3) planning and organization
4) Organizational skills training
5) CBT
6) Cognitive rehabilitation
Name the Disruptive Behaviour Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Conduct Disorder
What are the symptoms of Oppositional Defiant disorder?
1) Angry mood- loose temper, easily annoyed
2) Argumentative- argues with an authority figure, and actively refuses to comply
3) Vindictiveness- been spiteful at least twice in the 6 months
how long to symptoms need to show for oppositional defiant disorder?
6 months +
What are the causes of oppositional defiant disorder?
1) parents with substance problems/ mood disorders
2) neglect
3) lack of parental involvement, family instability
What are the treatments for oppositional defiant disorder?
1) Behavioural management
2) Mentalisation based family therapy= identify attachment disruptions that lead to problem behaviour
What is Parent child Interaction therapy?
1) incorporates= SLT, developmental, behavioural principles, and traditional play therapy
2) use one-way mirror and bug in the ear
3) there are child and parent-directed interaction phases
How does an individual behave when they have a Conduct Disorder?
1) Aggressive towards animals
2) Physical altercations with others
3) Deliberately cruel to others
4) involved in economic r=order crime
5) Lack of guilt and remorse
How common is the Conduct disorder?
2-10%
more common in boys
What is the treatment for Conduct Disorder?
1) Parent-child interaction therapy
2) Trauma treatment
3) Behavioural management
4) mentalisation based family therapy
5) empathy training
What is Autism?
persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across contexts
What are the criteria’s for Autism Spectrum Disorder?
1) restricted repetitive pattern of behaviour
2) repetitive motor movement
3) insistence on sameness, distress if small changes
4) highly restricted fixed interests
what is the prevalence rate and causes of autism?
1)1 in 100 children, common in boys
2) genetic and environmental factors
3) disorders are heterogeneous
What are the key difficulties of Autism spectrum disorder?
1) sensory processing
2) emotion processing
3) difficulties with empathy
4) difficulties with executive functioning
What are the treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder?
1) Behavioural management behavioural analysis
- provide behavioural contingencies for behaviours that increase compliance with demands and flexibility
2) examine antecedents, behaviours, and consequences
What is the treatment for high-functioning Autism?
- provide antecedent
management - teach new behaviours,
- work with the parent on behavioural rewards
Name 5 Neurogenic Disorders
1) Prada-Willi syndrome
2) Turner syndrome
3) Klinefelter syndrome
4) Fragile X
5) Williams syndrome
What is the Prada-Willi syndrome?
1) Missing genetic material on chromosome 15
2) at birth floppiness, failure to thrive, and difficulties feeding
3) disturbed growth, excessive appetite, high pain tolerance
What is the prevalence rate of Prada-Willi syndrome?
1 in every 20,000/30,000 births
What is the effect of Turner syndrome?
1) stunned growth
2) heart problems
3) no natural menses (need hormones to grow)
4) increase incidence of ADHD and autism
5) problem is due to what chromosome is missing
How prevalent is turner syndrome?
1 in every 2000/2500
What effect does Klinefelter syndrome have?
1) Boys have an extra dosage of X chromosome
2) infertility and small testes
3) greater height poor motor coordination, breast growth
4) attention problems and social difficulty
How prevalent is Klinefelter syndrome?
1 in 650
What is Fragile X?
1) leads to problems with making FMRP which affects brain development
2) development delays
3) social & behavioural problems ( hand flapping, averse to eye contact)
How prevalent is Fragile X?
1 in 7000 males
1 11,000 females
What is Williams Syndrome?
1) Micro deletion of one copy of chromosome 7 at position 7q11.23
2) Mild to moderate intellectual disability
3) Poor visual-spatial skills
4) Growth problems
How prevalent is William syndrome?
1 in 18,000
