Lecture 4- Theory of Mind Flashcards
According to Wellman (1990), children learn about others’ mental states in what order?
a) Beliefs, emotions, desires.
b) Beliefs, desires, emotions.
c) Emotions, beliefs, desires.
d) Emotions, desires, beliefs.
D
Which of the following is NOT a property of human desires?
a) An individual’s desires are the product of their will.
b) Often, desires can only be explained in terms of other desires.
c) An individual’s desires can conflict.
d) An individual’s desires are true, as long as they are bring authentic.
A
In Horner & Whiten (2005), what behaviour is shown to children by the experimenter?
a) An accidental or an intentional action.
b) An accidental action followed by an intentional action.
c) An action relevant to the experimenter’s goal followed by an action irrelevant to the experimenter’s goal.
d) An action irrelevant to the experimenter’s goal followed by an action relevant to the experimenter’s goal.
D
In Perner’s false belief task, why does the character in the story have a false belief?
a) Because they do not understand that beliefs can be false.
b) Because a screen prevents them from seeing an object moved.
c) Because they are not present when an object is moved.
d) Because they forget that an object is moved.
C
Which of these two statements is correct? Statement 1. Having a Meta-representation is necessary to understand false belief. Statement 2. Having a Meta-representation is sufficient to understand false belief.
a) Both 1 and 2
b) 1 only
c) 2 only
d) Neither 1 nor 2
B
According to Fabricius, what is perceptual access reasoning?
a) The belief that a person will be wrong about events that they have not witnessed.
b) The believe that a person will not know about events that they have not witnessed.
c) The belief that a person will have a false belief about events that they have not witnessed.
d) The belief that a person will be unable to image events that they have not witnessed.
A
What is theory of mind?
understanding that we all have mental states that drive human behaviour
What is mental state?
emotions, desires, intentions, and beliefs
What does Wellman (1990) suggest about Mental states?
acquired in a fixed order
1) Emotions
2) Desires, intention, self-control
3) Beliefs
What does Wellman suggest about emotions?
1) some are visible
2) distinguishing them from begins at infancy
3) emotions are ambiguous
What does Wellman state about Individuals desires, intentions, and self-control?
1) Desires differ, can conflict, and are always true (if authentic)
2) Both these mental states claim you but not the world ( non-representational)
What does Wellman (1990) suggest about individual’s beliefs?
1) beliefs are all things you think are true (God)
2) can be false as they are representations (claims about the world)
3) capacity of wrongness may make beliefs hard for children to learn
What does Piaget’s sensorimotor learning state?
Control your own movements by binding them together with your sense and action
1) make muscle contract > observer movement of limb
2) know which muscle to contract < intent to make that limb movement
What is the benifit of sense action links?
allows infants to immitate
Define Parsimonious
explain more behaviour with less theory
What does Wittgenstein state about what is learned between action and intention?
1) we see action but we know that they are a product of intentions
2) intentions have more moral value
Why are intentions important?
1)) have moral values as we choose them so we are responsible
2) distinguish between intentional and accidental actions
What was Meltzoff (1995) study about?
1) whether babies immitate action or intention
2) toddlers observe failing action
What did Meltzoff (1995) find?
1) successful condition- saw intended action- 80% did this
2) failing condition- 80% still made intended action
3) control condition- saw no action- 20% intended action
4) suggests that toddlers imitate intentions and not actions as they made an action they didn’t see
What did Horner & Whiten (2005) find?
children do not code intention but copy intentional actions
What did Wimmer and Perner (1987) find in the false belief task?
1) children know beliefs can be false
2) they have knowledge (competence) but lack the ability to show it (performance)
3) so children fail due to performance error
What did the Violation of Expectation (VoE) task find?
1) children look longer at surprising events
2) shows children’s competence and they fail due to performance errors
What did Fabriciuis et al (2010) find?
1) 5 year- olds do not understand false belief as they picked the location where the object never was.
What is perceptual Access reasoning?
5 year olds have this ‘of you don’t see where it went, you don’t know where it is so you will guess wrong.
