Lecture 4- Theory of Mind

Question 1

According to Wellman (1990), children learn about others’ mental states in what order?

a) Beliefs, emotions, desires.
b) Beliefs, desires, emotions.
c) Emotions, beliefs, desires.
d) Emotions, desires, beliefs.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a property of human desires?

a) An individual’s desires are the product of their will.
b) Often, desires can only be explained in terms of other desires.
c) An individual’s desires can conflict.
d) An individual’s desires are true, as long as they are bring authentic.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In Horner & Whiten (2005), what behaviour is shown to children by the experimenter?

a) An accidental or an intentional action.
b) An accidental action followed by an intentional action.
c) An action relevant to the experimenter’s goal followed by an action irrelevant to the experimenter’s goal.
d) An action irrelevant to the experimenter’s goal followed by an action relevant to the experimenter’s goal.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In Perner’s false belief task, why does the character in the story have a false belief?

a) Because they do not understand that beliefs can be false.
b) Because a screen prevents them from seeing an object moved.
c) Because they are not present when an object is moved.
d) Because they forget that an object is moved.

Answer 4

C

Question 5

Which of these two statements is correct? Statement 1. Having a Meta-representation is necessary to understand false belief. Statement 2. Having a Meta-representation is sufficient to understand false belief.

a) Both 1 and 2
b) 1 only
c) 2 only
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer 5

B

Question 6

According to Fabricius, what is perceptual access reasoning?

a) The belief that a person will be wrong about events that they have not witnessed.
b) The believe that a person will not know about events that they have not witnessed.
c) The belief that a person will have a false belief about events that they have not witnessed.
d) The belief that a person will be unable to image events that they have not witnessed.

Answer 6

A

Question 7

What is theory of mind?

Answer 7

understanding that we all have mental states that drive human behaviour

Question 8

What is mental state?

Answer 8

emotions, desires, intentions, and beliefs

Question 9

What does Wellman (1990) suggest about Mental states?

Answer 9

acquired in a fixed order
1) Emotions
2) Desires, intention, self-control
3) Beliefs

Question 10

What does Wellman suggest about emotions?

Answer 10

1) some are visible
2) distinguishing them from begins at infancy
3) emotions are ambiguous

Question 11

What does Wellman state about Individuals desires, intentions, and self-control?

Answer 11

1) Desires differ, can conflict, and are always true (if authentic)
2) Both these mental states claim you but not the world ( non-representational)

Question 12

What does Wellman (1990) suggest about individual’s beliefs?

Answer 12

1) beliefs are all things you think are true (God)
2) can be false as they are representations (claims about the world)
3) capacity of wrongness may make beliefs hard for children to learn

Question 13

What does Piaget’s sensorimotor learning state?

Answer 13

Control your own movements by binding them together with your sense and action
1) make muscle contract > observer movement of limb
2) know which muscle to contract < intent to make that limb movement

Question 14

What is the benifit of sense action links?

Answer 14

allows infants to immitate

Question 15

Define Parsimonious

Answer 15

explain more behaviour with less theory

Question 16

What does Wittgenstein state about what is learned between action and intention?

Answer 16

1) we see action but we know that they are a product of intentions
2) intentions have more moral value

Question 17

Why are intentions important?

Answer 17

1)) have moral values as we choose them so we are responsible
2) distinguish between intentional and accidental actions

Question 19

What was Meltzoff (1995) study about?

Answer 19

1) whether babies immitate action or intention
2) toddlers observe failing action

Question 20

What did Meltzoff (1995) find?

Answer 20

1) successful condition- saw intended action- 80% did this
2) failing condition- 80% still made intended action
3) control condition- saw no action- 20% intended action
4) suggests that toddlers imitate intentions and not actions as they made an action they didn’t see

Question 21

What did Horner & Whiten (2005) find?

Answer 21

children do not code intention but copy intentional actions

Question 22

What did Wimmer and Perner (1987) find in the false belief task?

Answer 22

1) children know beliefs can be false
2) they have knowledge (competence) but lack the ability to show it (performance)
3) so children fail due to performance error

Question 23

What did the Violation of Expectation (VoE) task find?

Answer 23

1) children look longer at surprising events
2) shows children’s competence and they fail due to performance errors

Question 24

What did Fabriciuis et al (2010) find?

Answer 24

1) 5 year- olds do not understand false belief as they picked the location where the object never was.

Question 25

What is perceptual Access reasoning?

Answer 25

5 year olds have this ‘of you don’t see where it went, you don’t know where it is so you will guess wrong.