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BIOL 2410 > Lecture 8 & 9: Neurons of The Nervous System and Electrical Activity > Flashcards

Lecture 8 & 9: Neurons of The Nervous System and Electrical Activity Flashcards

1
Q

What two parts are the nervous system divided into

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What does the CNS contain

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What does the PNS contain

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

Efferent neurons

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4
Q

Describe the sensory / response procedure

A

PNS detects stimuli
CNS integrates information
CNS determines a response
CNS sends output signals through PNS

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5
Q

Afferent or sensory neurons transmit sensory information where

A

CNS

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6
Q

What are efferent neurons also referred to as

A

motor neurons

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7
Q

What does the Somatic Motor division control

A

Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

What does the Autonomic division control

A

Smooth and cardiac muscles, exocrine glands, endocrine glands

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9
Q

What system is the autonomic division found in and what is another name for it

A

the PNS

Visceral nervous system

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10
Q

Autonomic neurons are further divided into _____ and _____ branches

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

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11
Q

Define Sympathetic neurons

A

Division of the Autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the fight or flight response

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12
Q

Define Parasympathetic neurons

A

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for day to day activities

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13
Q

What division of the PNS is the autonomic neurons located

A

Efferent division

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14
Q

Neurons are specialized to carry what and do what with other cells

A

Electrical signals and communicate

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15
Q

Neurons secrete what

A

neurotransmitters

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16
Q

The dendrites of a neuron does what

A

receive incoming info from neighbouring neurons

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17
Q

Neurons are more complex in what nervous system

A

CNS

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18
Q

What part of the neuron contains the DNA for protein synthesis

A

Cell body

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19
Q

in a neuron where is an AP fired

A

Axon hillock

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20
Q

Are the nodes of Ranvier always present?

A

No, only if myelin is

21
Q

What type of signals can cross a synaptic cleft

A

chemical

22
Q

Where are electrical signals converted into chemical signals and due to what

A

synaptic terminal and due to influx of Ca2+

23
Q

What is a distinctive feature of sensory neurons

A

have longer axons/dendrites to cover longer distances

24
Q

Describe a pseudopunipolar and bipolar sensory neurons

A 
Pseudo = axon fused to dendrite
Bipolar = dendrites and an axon
25
Q

What type of neurons have the most dendrite branches?

A

Interneurons

26
Q

Define an Anaxonic neuron

A

Doesn’t have an axon

27
Q

Give A distinctive feature of motor neurons

A

have long axons and multiple dendrites

28
Q

What do Glial Cells do and do they outnumber neurons?

A

provide support for neurons, outnumber neurons by 10-50 to 1

29
Q

What are the 6 types of Glia cells and where are they located

A 
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Ependymal cells (CNS)
Microglia (CNS)
Astrocytes (CNS)
Satellite cells (PNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
30
Q

What is microglia role in the CNS

A

The immune cells

31
Q

What do astrocytes make up

A

the Blood Brain Barrier

32
Q

How many axons can one Schwann cell myelinate

A

one axon

33
Q

Neurons have a ____ density of ion channels

A

high

34
Q

The activation of ion channels =

A

the rapid change in membrane potential

35
Q

Ion channels are based off

A

1) ions they let in
2) Where they are located
3) The Gating mechanisms

36
Q

The 5 types of gating mechanisms are

A

1) Voltage gated
2) Receptor channels (Ligand-gated channels)
3) Phosphorylation gated
4) Stretch gated
5) Temperature gated

37
Q

What are the two types of electrical signaling?

A

1) Graded potentials

2) Action potentials

38
Q

Describe the 7 guidelines of graded potential

A

1) Signals that are communicated from one neuron to the next
2) Causes small subthreshold changed in membrane potential
3) Can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
4) Slow moving
5) Proportional to the size of the stimulus (can be summed
6) Gradually dissipates as it travels through a cell “like a ripple on a pond”
7) Signal degrades because of electrical resistance in the cytoplam

39
Q

What are 6 guidelines about action potentials

A

1) Wave of depolarization
2) All OR NOTHING
3) Always depolarizing
4) Fast, large, amplitude
5) Requires threshold to be met
6) Can not be summed

40
Q

The 9 steps to the ionic basis of action potential are

A

1) RMP
2) Cell is depolarized by graded potential
3) Membrane depolarizes causing Voltage-gated Na+ channels to open quickly allowing Na+ into the cell and causing Voltage-gated K+ channels to begin to slowly open
4) Rapid Na+ into the cell depolarizes the cell
5) Na+ Channels inactivate and slower K+ channels fully open
6) K+ leaves the cell
7) K+ Channels remain open and additional K+ leaves the cell causing hyperpolarization
8) Voltage-gated K+ channels close, less K+ leaks out of the cell. NA+ channels begin to recover
9) Cell returns to resting ion permeability and RMP

41
Q

What three states are the basis of voltage gated NA+ channels regarding action potential

A

a) Activated
b) Inactivated
c) Closed

42
Q

The 5 Phases of Action potential are

A

1) Supra threshold EPSP (Excitatory postsynaptic potential) is met
2) Rising Phase;
a) Voltage gated K+ channels begin slowly opening
b) Voltage gated Na+ channels open upon reaching threshold allowing Na+ to enter, thus depolarizing
3) Falling Phase: Peak met causing Na+ channels to close and K+ channels to all open causing K+ to move out thus repolarizing the cell
4) Recovery Phase: The slow K+ channels remain open even after reducing the RMP, L+ keeps leaving causing hyperpolarization
5) Cell returns to RMP

43
Q

What are the two types of refractory period and describe each

A

Absolute refractory period: Can not trigger AP

Relative Refractory Period: Can trigger AP but requires a stronger stimulus

44
Q

What are the 3 patterns of action potential

A

a) Single
b) Tonic (Constant and uniform)
c) Bursting (crazy shit then break)

45
Q

Describe the 2 influences of Extracellular K+

A

Hyperkalemia: Increased extracellular K+ concentration = RMP closer to threshold
Hypokalemia: Decreased extracellular K+ concentration = RMP more negative resulting in a strong stimulus needed to meet threshold

46
Q

Compare myelinated axons to unmyelinated axons

A

Myelinated: much faster, only permeable @nodes of Ranvier
Unmyelinated: Slower, Strength of EPIP dissipated by time it reaches hillock

47
Q

what are the two ways to speed up the velocity of action potentials along an axon

A

1) Myelination

2) Axon Diameter

48
Q

Describe the relationship between axon diameter and velocity

A

Increases velocity as the axon radius becomes larger

Inverse square relationship

BIOL 2410 (11 decks)

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