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BIOL 2410 > Lecture 10 & 11: Synapses > Flashcards

Lecture 10 & 11: Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

What are Synapses connection

A

Between two neurons or a neuron and another cell that is specialized for the transfer of information

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2
Q

Synapses is delivered from the _____ cell to the __________ cell

A

presynaptic cell to the postsynaptic cell

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3
Q

What are the two main ways we classify Synapses

A

1) Functional

2) Location

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4
Q

Define Electrical functionality for neurons

A

Passes directly between 2 cells, carried by the movement of ions between cells
Common in cardiac and smooth muscle
Depolarization or hyperpolarization
Fast

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5
Q

How does the relationship work between synapses and intelligence

A

more synapses = more intelligent

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6
Q

Define Chemical functionality for neurons

A

Specilized form of exocytosis
Electrical signals from one neuron is converted to a chemical signal to cross the synaptic cleft then is converted back to an electrical signal

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7
Q

Is chemical or electrical functionality more common for neurons

A

Chemical

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8
Q

Define Axodendritic synapses

A

Axon directly to dendrites (almost no reactions)

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9
Q

Define Axosomatic synapses

A

Axon directly to Soma

(more of an influence

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10
Q

Define Axoaxonic (initial segment)

A

Axon to either initial segment (trigger zone)

Most powerful

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11
Q

If synaptic activity leads to Depolarization of the postsynaptic cell it is considered

A

EPSP

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12
Q

IF ssynaptic activity leads to hyperpolarization of postsynaptic cell it is considered

A

IPSP

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13
Q

True or False; The grand Sum of EPSPs and IPSPs acting on a cell will determine whether the cell will reach threshold and fire an AP

A

True

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14
Q

Where must a threshold be reached to fire an AP

A

Axon Hillock

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15
Q

Define Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

A depolarizing synaptic potential

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16
Q

Define Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

A hyperpolarizing synaptic potential

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17
Q

Cells with GAP junctions are said to be connected by what

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Define Axoaxonic (pre synaptic)

A

If excitatory, depolarizes Ca+ in, causes a release of a neurotransmitter
If inhibitory- hyperpolarizes less Ca+ in, inhibits neurotransmitter

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19
Q

What are norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, serotonin examples of

A

Amines neurotransmitters

20
Q

Give an example of two novel neurotransmitters

A

Peptides and purines

21
Q

Define synaptic delay

A

Time it takes for a substance to diffuse across and cause a postsynaptic response

22
Q

What is Acetylcholine used by and causes what

A

Motor neurons to cause an excitation of skeletal muscles

23
Q

How many different receptors are there for ACh and what are they and which one is fastest

A

1) Nicotinic receptor (FAST)

2) GPCR - Muscarinic receptor (SLOW)

24
Q

Describe what happens when ACh binds to Nicotinic receptrs

A

Causes an Entry of Na+ causing a depolarization of the cell resulting in an EPSP

25
Q

Describe what happens when ACh binds to muscarinic receptor

A

Creates 2nd messenger Kinase which phosphorylates K+ leakage channels causes K+ channels to close resulting in a depolarization stopping the leakage of positive charge (EPSP)

26
Q

Where is Norepinephrine used, how many channels and types of channels, describe receptors

A

CNS
All use GPCR NO ion channels
Alpha and beta receptors

27
Q

Glutamate is a main _____ in the ____

A

excitatory in CNS

28
Q

What are the two types of Receptor channels for Glutamate and describe each

A

Iontoropic receptor channels

a) NMDA - Allows Na+ and Ca+ to enter (some K+ leaks out) causing depolarization of the cell. Typically blocked by Mg+ ions that get ejected when cell is depolarized by binding glutamate
b) AMPA - Binds glutamate causing an influx of Na+ causing a depolarization

29
Q

Describe GABA and its receptor channels

A

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter used throughout the CNS

1) GABA A - Binds ligand causing the influx of Cl-causing a hyperpolarization of the cell. IPSP
2) Metabotropic GABA B - Binds a ligand and generates 2nd messengers kinases

30
Q

Which GABA receptor is faster and why

A

GABA A is faster cause it does not need a 2nd messenger to create an effect

31
Q

What synapse is is Acetylcholine located at

A

Cholinergic

32
Q

True or False (GONNA BE A QUESTION ON EXAM) When given a 2nd messenger it is very easy to tell the effect of it

A

FALSE; Need lots of information

33
Q

True or False; Not all GPCP Will cause closure of K+ channels

A

True

34
Q

Which synaptic receptors, a receptor channel or GPCR causes a faster postsynaptic response

A

Lingand-gated ion channel

because it doesn’t require a 2nd messenger

35
Q

AChR receptor channels do what

A

Na+ and a little K+

Depol

36
Q

NMDA receptor channels do what

A

Na+, Ca2+, k+

Depol

37
Q

AMPA receptor channels do what

A

Na+, little K+

Depol

38
Q

GABA A receptor channels do what

A

Cl-

Hyperpol

39
Q

Define Divergence and Convergence

A

Divergent pathways, one presynaptic neuron branches to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons

Convergent pathways many presynaptic neurons provide input to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons

40
Q

If two subthreshold potentials arrive at the trigger zone within a short period of time they may ____

A

Sum together and initiate an AP

41
Q

Synaptic plasticity is the ability of neurons to do what

A

change synaptic strength

42
Q

The best studied neurons that exhibit long-term potentiation in mammalian brains are located where

A

in the hippocampus

43
Q

the cell must be ____ in order to gate NMDA-R open

A

Depolarized

44
Q

Loong Term maintenance of synaptic potentiation does what 3 things

A

changes in gene expression
creation of new synapses
co-ordinated pre and post- synaptic effects

45
Q

LTP (long-term potentiation) is seen as what and requires what

A

A long lasting potentiation of the EPSP

Requires: NMDA and AMPA receptors

BIOL 2410 (11 decks)

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