Lecture 8 Flashcards
What is the nutritive value of grains?
Protein (incomplete protein source) Starch Fibre Vitamins and minerals Low in fat
What are the fibre requirements for Canadians?
Women 19-50: 25g
Men 19-50: 38g
What are enriched grains?
Nutrients have been added to meet legal min or max levels of nutrients usually in the food before processing
What are fortified grains?
Nutrients not normally present in food added to improve nutritional content
What are refined flours+cereals made from?
Endosperm
-they are enriched
What is the content of enriched flour?
B vits Folic acid Iron B5 B6 -Magnesium & Ca optional
What are whole grains?
Contains endosperm bran and germ
-can be intact, ground, cracked or flaked
How many g does a product need to be whole grain?
8g or more of whole grains per 30g of product
What are you reducing the risks of when consuming whole grains?
Cancer
CVD
Diabetes
Obesity
What are the nutritive values of whole grains?
Vits and mienrals Fibre Lignans Inulin Phytins Phytosterols Beta-Glucans Phytochemical
What is the bran?
5% of the kernel
High fibre
Contains some fat
Aleuron layer contains protein, phosphorus and thiamin
What is the endosperm?
83% of kernel
High in starch protein
Very low vitamin, mineral and fat content
What is the germ?
2-3% of kernel
Rich in fat, protein and vitamins
What are the common cereal grains?
Wheat Corn Rice Oats Rye Barley
What are the classes of wheat based on?
- Winter or Spring
- planted in spring or fall - Hard or soft
- Hard higher in protein and better for making bread
- Soft is better for making pasteries - Colour
- red or white
What are the forms of wheat?
Wheat berry Bulgur Cracked Wheat Wheat germ Wheat bran farina Semolina
Why have we seen an increase in wheat consumption?
Increase in the last 20th century due to:
- Less red meat consumption
- increase in consumption of readily available, what containing fast foods
What are the 2 kinds of corn?
Dent or field corn
-corn as grain is different than corn as vegetable
What are the different forms corn can come in?
Hominy Hominy grits Corn Meal Fine grits Corn flour Corn oil
How can corn be processed?
- Stone ground or non-degerming
- Tempering and determine
- Alkaline cooked
How is corn syrups and glucose produced?
By hydrolysis of cornstarch
What is the major protein found in corn?
Zein
-impacted by water and humidity
How many varieties or rice are grown?
- Indica (75% globally)
- Japonica (8%)
- Aromatic Rice (15%)
- Glutinous-sweetrice (dessert)
How is rice classified?
Long grain- high amylose
Medium&Short- less amylose
Specialty- Jasmine, basmati, Arborio, Wavy rice
How is rice processing?
Brown rice White polished Enriched Converted or parboiled Instant Rice flour Rice bran
How do you process oats?
Most outer hull removed Most germ and bran remain Groats Quick rolled oats Old fashioned rolled oats
What nutrient do oats have?
Beta-glucan
What is rye usually used for?
As flour
-light, medium, dark
What is barleys normal form?
Pearled barley
What is triticale?
Hybrid produced by crossing wheat and rye
What does millet tolerate?
Adverse growing conditions
Gluten Free
What is Kamut?
High protein variety of wheat
What is spelt?
Predeceessor of wheat
What is sorghum?
High in Fe, Ca and K
Gluten Free
What are Pseudo Cereal grains?
Hulled grain of reed water plant
-wild rice
What is buckwheat?
Seed of herbaceous plant
Gluten Free
What is Quinoa?
Small seed considered a “super food”
Gluten Free
What is amaranth?
60 different species not all are safe for human or animal consumption
Gluten Free
How do breakfast cereals differ?
Composition Type of grain Part of grain used Method of milling used Processing method used
What are the 2 types of breakfast cereals?
Hot
- oatmeal
- cream of wheat
Ready to eat
What are the kinds of ready to eat cereal forms?
Flaked Puffed Shredded Wheat Baked Extruded
What are the 3 main ingredients of pasta?
Flour
Water
Salt
What is the difference between noodles and pasta?
Noodles are made from flour
Pasta are made from durum semolina
Why does pasta have a ywllow/amber colour?
Due to carotenoids from durum wheat
What happen when durum wheat is milled?
Endosperm is ground into a granular product called semolina
What helps maintain the shape of the pasta?
Protein and starch in semolina play a role in maintaining the shape of pasta while cooked
What is the FDR?
Primary legislation that applies to ll foods sold ion canada whether domestic or imported?
According to the FDR how is it sold in canada?
White flour and other foods that contain white flour need to be made from enriched flour
What is inulin?
Fibre
Prebiotic
Chickory root
Found in naturally in leeks, garlic and whole grains
What are phytins?
Phytic acid found in the hulls of seed grains
What do phytins have to do with nutrient absorption?
On its own it can bind to proteins, Zn, Ca, Fe, decreasing the absorption.
When Fermented, can increase absorption of certain minerals
What are phytosterols?
Derived from plants
interferes with absorption of dietary fibre
What % makes up aleuron layer?
8% of kernel
Removed to get white flour
What is the germ the source of?
Sprouting begins
what happens when the kernel is broken?
The fat from the germ can be exposed to O2 in air which reduces the storage life because the oil in thee germ can lead to rancidity when oxidized
Which is Bette for bread making, red or white flour?
White
-eventhough its whole grain but looks white
What is wheat berry?
Wheat kernel with only inedible outer hull removed
What is is bulgar?
white/red/soft/hard kernels that have been parboiled then dried
What is cracked wheat?
Made from whole kernel just broken down into smaller pieces
What is wheat germ?
Added to enhance nutty/crunchy flavour
What is wheat bran/
Outer layer of the kernel
What is farina?
Coarsely ground endosperm of hard wheat
What is Semolina?
Coarsely ground endosperm of durham wheat
-used in pasta
What is tempering and determine?
Removing germ, and cutting into different sized particles
-flaking, course, medium and fine grits
What is alkaline cooking?
Cooking in boiling solution followed by steeping
-result is masa harridan flour used to make tortilla chips
Why doe brown rice need to be cooked longer?
Higher fibre content
