Lecture 8 Flashcards by Delayne van Dijk

What is the nutritive value of grains?

Protein (incomplete protein source)
Starch
Fibre
Vitamins and minerals
Low in fat

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What are the fibre requirements for Canadians?

Women 19-50: 25g

Men 19-50: 38g

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What are enriched grains?

Nutrients have been added to meet legal min or max levels of nutrients usually in the food before processing

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What are fortified grains?

Nutrients not normally present in food added to improve nutritional content

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What are refined flours+cereals made from?

Endosperm

-they are enriched

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What is the content of enriched flour?

B vits
Folic acid
Iron
B5
B6
-Magnesium &amp; Ca optional

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What are whole grains?

Contains endosperm bran and germ

-can be intact, ground, cracked or flaked

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How many g does a product need to be whole grain?

8g or more of whole grains per 30g of product

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What are you reducing the risks of when consuming whole grains?

Cancer
CVD
Diabetes
Obesity

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What are the nutritive values of whole grains?

Vits and mienrals
Fibre
Lignans
Inulin
Phytins
Phytosterols
Beta-Glucans
Phytochemical

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What is the bran?

5% of the kernel
High fibre
Contains some fat
Aleuron layer contains protein, phosphorus and thiamin

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What is the endosperm?

83% of kernel
High in starch protein
Very low vitamin, mineral and fat content

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What is the germ?

2-3% of kernel

Rich in fat, protein and vitamins

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What are the common cereal grains?

Wheat 
Corn
Rice
Oats
Rye
Barley

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What are the classes of wheat based on?

Winter or Spring
- planted in spring or fall
Hard or soft
- Hard higher in protein and better for making bread
- Soft is better for making pasteries
Colour
- red or white

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What are the forms of wheat?

Wheat berry
Bulgur
Cracked Wheat
Wheat germ
Wheat bran
farina
Semolina

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Why have we seen an increase in wheat consumption?

Increase in the last 20th century due to:

Less red meat consumption
increase in consumption of readily available, what containing fast foods

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What are the 2 kinds of corn?

Dent or field corn

-corn as grain is different than corn as vegetable

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What are the different forms corn can come in?

Hominy
Hominy grits
Corn Meal
Fine grits
Corn flour
Corn oil

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How can corn be processed?

Stone ground or non-degerming
Tempering and determine
Alkaline cooked

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How is corn syrups and glucose produced?

By hydrolysis of cornstarch

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What is the major protein found in corn?

Zein

-impacted by water and humidity

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How many varieties or rice are grown?

Indica (75% globally)
Japonica (8%)
Aromatic Rice (15%)
Glutinous-sweetrice (dessert)

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How is rice classified?

Long grain- high amylose
Medium&Short- less amylose
Specialty- Jasmine, basmati, Arborio, Wavy rice

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How is rice processing?

``` Brown rice White polished Enriched Converted or parboiled Instant Rice flour Rice bran ```

How do you process oats?

``` Most outer hull removed Most germ and bran remain Groats Quick rolled oats Old fashioned rolled oats ```

What nutrient do oats have?

Beta-glucan

What is rye usually used for?

As flour | -light, medium, dark

What is barleys normal form?

Pearled barley

What is triticale?

Hybrid produced by crossing wheat and rye

What does millet tolerate?

Adverse growing conditions Gluten Free

What is Kamut?

High protein variety of wheat

What is spelt?

Predeceessor of wheat

What is sorghum?

High in Fe, Ca and K Gluten Free

What are Pseudo Cereal grains?

Hulled grain of reed water plant | -wild rice

What is buckwheat?

Seed of herbaceous plant Gluten Free

What is Quinoa?

Small seed considered a "super food" Gluten Free

What is amaranth?

60 different species not all are safe for human or animal consumption Gluten Free

How do breakfast cereals differ?

``` Composition Type of grain Part of grain used Method of milling used Processing method used ```

What are the 2 types of breakfast cereals?

Hot - oatmeal - cream of wheat Ready to eat

What are the kinds of ready to eat cereal forms?

``` Flaked Puffed Shredded Wheat Baked Extruded ```

What are the 3 main ingredients of pasta?

Flour Water Salt

What is the difference between noodles and pasta?

Noodles are made from flour Pasta are made from durum semolina

Why does pasta have a ywllow/amber colour?

Due to carotenoids from durum wheat

What happen when durum wheat is milled?

Endosperm is ground into a granular product called semolina

What helps maintain the shape of the pasta?

Protein and starch in semolina play a role in maintaining the shape of pasta while cooked

What is the FDR?

Primary legislation that applies to ll foods sold ion canada whether domestic or imported?

According to the FDR how is it sold in canada?

White flour and other foods that contain white flour need to be made from enriched flour

What is inulin?

Fibre Prebiotic Chickory root Found in naturally in leeks, garlic and whole grains

What are phytins?

Phytic acid found in the hulls of seed grains

What do phytins have to do with nutrient absorption?

On its own it can bind to proteins, Zn, Ca, Fe, decreasing the absorption. When Fermented, can increase absorption of certain minerals

What are phytosterols?

Derived from plants interferes with absorption of dietary fibre

What % makes up aleuron layer?

8% of kernel Removed to get white flour

What is the germ the source of?

Sprouting begins

what happens when the kernel is broken?

The fat from the germ can be exposed to O2 in air which reduces the storage life because the oil in thee germ can lead to rancidity when oxidized

Which is Bette for bread making, red or white flour?

White | -eventhough its whole grain but looks white

What is wheat berry?

Wheat kernel with only inedible outer hull removed

What is is bulgar?

white/red/soft/hard kernels that have been parboiled then dried

What is cracked wheat?

Made from whole kernel just broken down into smaller pieces

What is wheat germ?

Added to enhance nutty/crunchy flavour

What is wheat bran/

Outer layer of the kernel

What is farina?

Coarsely ground endosperm of hard wheat

What is Semolina?

Coarsely ground endosperm of durham wheat | -used in pasta

What is tempering and determine?

Removing germ, and cutting into different sized particles | -flaking, course, medium and fine grits

What is alkaline cooking?

Cooking in boiling solution followed by steeping | -result is masa harridan flour used to make tortilla chips

Why doe brown rice need to be cooked longer?

Higher fibre content