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FN 2232 > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What nutrients do fats have?

A 
9kcal/g
Omega 6 (linoleic) and 3 (linolenic)
Antioxidants (EC)
Fat soluble vits
Hormones
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2
Q

What do fats help with in the body?

A

Brian
Nerve
Retinal Cells

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3
Q

What are the 2 kinds of fats?

A

Liquid

Solid (Plastic)

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4
Q

What are plastic fats?

A

Solid at room temp and can be moulded or shaped like butter

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5
Q

How does hydrogenation occur?

A

Add H to create trans double bonds instead of cis double bonds

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6
Q

What happens to the stabilities of fats when there are more double bonds?

A

The more unsaturated and the more double bonds there are they are less stab le

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7
Q

Are mono/poly fats solid or liquid at room temp?

A

Liquid at room temp

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8
Q

How do you determine the degree of unsaturation?

A

Iodine test

  • Saturated fat will take up no iodine
  • Unsaturated will take up more
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9
Q

What are the 2 properties of fats?

A

Fat crystals and polymorphism

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10
Q

What are fat crystals and polymorphism ?

A

The fatty acids attract via van der Waal forces to bond and form crystals as it cools

  • Symmectrical and similar carbon length will for more readily
  • Affect melting point and properties in food
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11
Q

What are the 3 forms of fats when cooling?

A

Alpha
Beta prime
Beta

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12
Q

What is the difference between Heterogenous and Homogeneous fatty acids?

A

Heterogenous- Beta prime (milk fat)
-all 3 fatty acids can be different

Homogeneous- Beta (lard)
-all 3 fatty acids are the same

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13
Q

What form out of the 3 fats are more stable, smooth and porous?

A

Beta prime is more stable than alpha

Beta Prime creates a more smooth and creamy product

Beta is more porous and better for frying and making crusts

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14
Q

For the melting point what influences the strength of bonding forces between the fatty acids?

A

Type of fat
Form
Length of the fatty acids

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15
Q

Which fats have a lower melting point?

A

Asymmetrical fats
Cis and unsaturated fats
-due to the kink in these structures so it isn’t as packed together and requires less energy to melt

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16
Q

What happens when there is more attraction between the fat molecules?

A

Its easier for it to crystallize and the higher the melting point because it will take more energy to Melt the crystals

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17
Q

Which fats have higher melting point?

A

Trans and saturated fats

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18
Q

What is the solid fat content?

A

Measures the melting range

-useful in a commercial setting to give you the idea of the range for the specific fat

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19
Q

What is the smoke point?

A

Temp at which smoke comes from the fat surface when heated

-indicates thermal stability when in contact with air

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20
Q

What is the smoke point dependent on?

A

the ease of hydrolysis to glycerol and % of free glycerol

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21
Q

What is acrolein?

A
  • Excessive heating and smoke
  • Free glycerol decomposes to water and acrolein
  • Mucous membrane irritant
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22
Q

What are the oils with the highest smoke points?

A

Corn
Canola
Soy
Peanut Oil

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23
Q

What is the flash point?

A

Heating the oil after the smoke point

-temperature of volatiles being ignited, cannot sustain combustion

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24
Q

What is the fire point?

A

Temperature of volatiles sustaining combustion

-if it happens dont throw water on it

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25
Q

What decreases the fire and flash point?

A

More double bonds

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26
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Fat does not undergo permanent change in shape until a stress of force that has been applied

  • solid fats
  • beta crystals are smooth and creamy
  • composed of liquid and crystal portions allows flexibility
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27
Q

What are the functional aspects of fat?

A 
Texture
Tenderness
Emulsification
Heat transfer
Control of Crystallization
Moistness
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28
Q

How is texture a functional aspect?

A

Flakey textture for pie crusts-shortening

Fried Foods are crisp

Viscosity, creaminess- milk fats

29
Q

How is tenderness a functional aspect?

A

Fats interfere with development of gluten and shorten the gluten

30
Q

How is heat transfer a functional aspect?

A

Heated to higher temperatures above boiling

-flavour and colour

31
Q

How is control of crystallization a functional aspect?

A

Stable and small crystals

-chocolate and ice cream

32
Q

How is moisture a functional aspect?

A

Contributes to a sensation of moistness

33
Q

Why do we process/refine the oil?

A
  • To get the Ideal oil that has Oxidative stability, functionality and nutrition
  • Remove undesirable colour flavour, quality and safety
  • Remove FFA, phospholipids, carbs, protein, water, pigment, volatiles and contaminants
34
Q

What are the steps to processing and resining of fats?

A 
Settling
Degumming
Neutralization
Bleaching
Winterization 
Deodorization
35
Q

What happens in the settling step?

A

Separates oil from water, protein and phospholipids and carbs

36
Q

What happens in the Degumming step?

A

Removes gums and phospholipids from crude oil

-if not removed they cause a darker colour

37
Q

What happens in the Neutralization step?

A

Remove FFA with NaOH and residual phospholipids to improve colour

38
Q

What happens in the Bleaching step?

A

Remove colour (chlorophyll), trace metals and oxidation products

39
Q

What happens in the winterization step?

A

improves clarity, and crystals are filtered

  • Cloudiness results because some of the triglycerides in the oil have higher melting points than the other molecules in the picture which leads to crystallization and can become more solid in the fridge.
  • Doesn’t impact the functionality of the oil
40
Q

What is the process of hydrogenation?

A

Adding hydrogen to points of unsaturation in fatty acids to become saturated

H2 bubbled through liquid oil in presence of nickel catalyst which speeds up the rxn
-change liquid oil into solids or plastics

41
Q

What is part hydrogenation?

A

Causes trans fatty acids

-not permitted

42
Q

Why is hydrogenation used for?

A

Shortenings for desirable shortening power

43
Q

What is interesterification?

A

Fatty acid addition or rearrangement on glycerol backbone by chemical or enzymatic process creating a “new” triglyceride

Bonds broken on FA and re-esterified on same glycerol (intra) or different glycerol (inter)

Does not change the FA but rather rearranges them

44
Q

What is fractionation?

A

Separate triglycerides by difference in melting point, solubility and volatility
-process is used in processing pal and kernel oils

45
Q

Why are additives added to fats?

A

Protect quality and prolong storage

46
Q

What kind of additives are added to fats?

A

Antioxidants- reduces oxidation (BHA, BHT) helps prolong shelf life

Lecithin- emulsifyer

Citric acid- metal chelating agent to inhibit oxidative rancidity

Polyglycerol esters- modify and inhibit crystallization

47
Q

What is rendering?

A

Extracting animal fat-process to help extract animal fat. Melting down and reprocessing the meat

  • byproduct of meat processing
  • process uses heat or steam to remove fat
48
Q

What is tallow?

A

Rendering og cattle and sheep

  • deodorized or undeodorized for flavour
  • biofuels, soap /detergent are also called inedible tallow
49
Q

Whats the difference between deodorized or undeodorized rendering?

A

Deodorized- doesn’t alter taste of food

Undeodorized- will alter flavour
-removes volatile compounds using steam

50
Q

What is lard?

A

Fat rendered from pig

  • fat depends on pig diet
  • used in pie crusts
  • produces white grease
51
Q

What is white grease?

A

Form of lard thats a specific grade and an be used int he making of animal foods

52
Q

What are the sources of marine oils and what are their nutrients?

A

Fish, fish liver, krill, squid, seal, algae

Long polyunsaturated FAs
Vit A&D
Less Stable ans susceptible to oxidation
EPA, DHA, ARA
Sustainable
53
Q

What is milk fat?

A

Naturally occurring trans fats that are 5% of the fats

54
Q

What re the 4 fat crystals of milk fat?

A

Alpha
Beta
Beta Prime 1
Beta Prime 2

55
Q

What is the destabilization/coalescence of milk fat?

A

Irreversible increase in fat globule size

  • lose individual identity
  • This is important for fat emulsions at this stage
56
Q

What is partial coalescence of milk fat?

A

Fat globules held together by fat crystals and liquid fat as long as structure is maintained

57
Q

What is flocculation of milk fat?

A

reversible clustering fat globules, no loss of identity, can be re dispersed

  • not a permanent state
  • happened when individual fat cells are clustered together
  • once fat globules melt they uncoalesce
58
Q

What is the butter phase of milk fat?

A

Phase inversion, hardness of butter depends on saturated fatty acid content, crystal size seasonality

  • break oil and water emulsion via agitation
  • crystalization is temperature dependent and smaller crystals will influence hardness
59
Q

What is cocoa butter?

A

Cocoa bean undergoes fermentation, roasting, drying and develops the flavour

  • nib contains 53% cocoa butter
  • traps flavour aroma compounds only released when melted
60
Q

What is the melting point of cocoa butter?

A

Similar to mouth temp

-narrow range of 31-34C

61
Q

How many forma can cocoa butter be crystallized into?

A

6 forms with different melting points

62
Q

What form of cocoa butter is ideal for chocolate making?

A

Beta V crystals

-are glossy, uniform and snaps

63
Q

What is chocolate?

A

Nibs are ground= suspension of cocoa solids in cocoa butter=chocolate liquor or mass

64
Q

What is conching of chocolate?

A

Stirring of cocoa mass at controlled temp for 4hr-3days

-Aeration develops flavour (drive off moisture and some volatile acids)

65
Q

What is tempering of chocolate?

A

Control of temp to produce stable V fat crystals

-gloss, texture, stability

66
Q

What happens when you have unstable crystals when making chocolate?

A

Gives a white or grey appearance

-this is called a bloom and has no effect on taste and food safety

67
Q

Is which chocolate chocolate?

A

It is chocolate because it does have cocoa butter in it, they just dont add the coco liquor or solids that give it the flavour or colour

68
Q

What is Hydrolytic rancidity?

A

Hydrolyzing fatty acids from glycerol backbone, produces FFA

Involves water, heat and light

Lipase helps break apart the fatty acids

69
Q

What is oxidative rancidity?

A

Unpleasant odour and taste

Occurs with O2, heat light and metals (Fe, Cu)

Unsaturated fats are more susceptible

FN 2232 (20 decks)

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