Lecture 19 Flashcards
What the general nutritional value that beverages have?
Depends on beverage
○ Generally adds liquid cals
○ Ca in milk
○ Flavanols in coffee tea and cocoa
What are the 3 ways to treat water?
Distillation
-Heated to steam and then condensed leaving behind minerals and other impurities
Reverse osmosis
-froced through membranes to remove impurities
Ozonation
-ozone gas used for disinfection instead of chlorine
What are the 2 most common treatments to remove salt water?
Reverse osmosis
Distillation
What is the basis for most beverages?
water
- hydrating
- cal free
Why is water treated?
Is important for taste and health
What is water used for in the body?
Lubricating joint
protecting spinal cord, hydration and removal of waste from body
body temp
Why is carbonated drinks safe?
Protect against bacterial spoilage during storage
What is the difference between seltzer, club soda tonic water and sparkling water?
Carbonated water= seltzer but can be sold with sweetener
Club soda= carbonated water with sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate
Tonic water: flavoured with quinine (used to treat malaria) and has sugar
Sparkling: carbonated water
How can a beverage be functional?
Some potential functional (health) benefit beyond basic needs
- electrolyte
- vitamin
- antioxidants
- Ca
- Energy
What is a TMA and how does it work?
Temporary marketing authorization
-Canadian regulations limit what can be put in a beverage or food may need a TMA if not permitted in the FDR
What is the benefit off electrolyte or isotonic beverages?
Prevent dehydraition and quick energy source
Same osmotic pressure as human blood for rapid absorption
K Na Mg
Meant for high performance , vigorous activity
How many carbs to functional beverages have?
6-8%
What is the purpose of energy drinks?
Increase mental awareness and concentration
What are the consequences of drinking energy drinks?
High heart rate
high BP
tremors
can risk dehydration if you are exercising
What nutrients do energy drinks have?
Caffeine 200-400ppm caffeine -180mg/serving B vitamins Ginseng Guarana Ribose Carnitine Taurine
What things are you not allowed to add to energy drinks?
Cannot add folic acid or vitamin A but various vitamins minerals amino acids at specified levels in accordance with TMA
What % of juice does it have to be to be considered juice?
100%
-anything less is a drink, labeled cocktails
What do some drinks have added to them?
Add flavour, gums for body/mouthfeel
Pasteurization and aseptic and HPP
Reduce pH for flavour and preservation
How do you make wine?
Controlled yeast fermentation
What gives wines different flavours?
Terroir (where grapes are grown) Temperature Rain/sun Pests Disease Yeast used Fermentation process Skin on/off and for how long Stainless steel vs oak cask/aging
How is white wine made?
White wine not made from green grapes, just less grape skin has come into contact with it
What is the alcohol content of wine?
10-14%
What produces the alcohol in wine?
• Yeast acts on sugar and produce alcohol and carbon dioxide
Whats the difference between white red and rose?
White wine will have skins removed
Red will remain with skins on
Rose will have a shorter time with the skins
When are the grapes harvested?
Grapes harvested at optimum time of sweetness and are crushed
When does fermentation begin?
Begins in tanks with natural occurring yeast or added
What are lees?
Yeast and other solids are left to settle out of the liquid
-this and other unwanted substances can be further removed by fining typically with diatomaceous earth
Can you have a second fermentation of wine?
Yes
-typically for sparkling wine
When some yeast cells are left and a bit of the grape must/food is added to the bottles. Helps trap CO2
Whats malolactic fermentation?
Employs lactic acid bacteria that converts magic and acid naturally present from grapes into lactic acid which gives a rounder fuller creamy buttery profile from byproduct of dactyl; this can be prevented when making a more mineral fruity floral wine
Where does aging occur?
Aging can occur in stainless steel (sharper, cleaner taste) or in oak casks which can add some extra flavours depending on the type of wood used and how it was prepared as well as it is fresh new oak or reused
What doe swine naturally contain?
Sulphides
What is a birx?
Brix measures the solid/sugar content in the solution
○ Can see how much sugar is availale for yeast use
Why is wine aged?
Helps develop flavours and aromas
-red longer than white
How is beer made?
Industrial microbiology of yeast fermentation
What ingredients are used for beer?
Water Hops Rye Corn Rice Oats Malted barley -steeped until germinates
What is kilning?
Malt is heated and dried
Whats happens to dried malt?
Is cracked and hot water added steeping the malt called mashing
-resulting in the wort
Whats lautering?
Separating wort from spent grains
What is added to wort to start the fermentation?
Yeast is added to work to begin fermentation
Are bottles and kegs pasteurized?
Bottles are but kegs are not and must be refrigerated to protect flavour and slow yeast activity
Whats the difference between larger and ale?
Ale: brewed with top fermenting yeast, and operates at warmer temp
Lager: brewed using bottom fermente yeast and at colerd temp
What is brewing of the beer?
Brewing is the boiling of the wort to which the hops have been added
-After brewing the hops are cooled and then strained
Whats the most common type of coffee?
Arabic
-then robusta
What affects coffee taste?
Terroir
What is the fruit covering the bean?
Cascara
What are the 2 methods for drying coffee?
Dry method: left in sun to dry and then removed
-can result in a lesser quality coffee
Wet method: Removed and left to ferment
what is a by-products of roasting coffee beans?
Acrylamide
- dark roast has less acrylamide because its destroyed with continued roasting
- levels also decrease the longer its stored
What is the purpose of roasting coffee?
Gives door and taste
Needs to be at precise control of time and temp
Moisture loss, CO2 produced, sugar decomposed
Which kind of coffee have more caffeine?
Light roasted will have more caffeine by volume (denser)
What are the different kinds of roasts?
Light Medium Dark Italian French
What adds acidity in the coffee?
Organic acids:
- acetic
- pyruvic
- maltic
- citric
- tartaric
What do volatile substances do to coffee?
Contributes to aroma with sulfur and phenolic compounds being the main contributors
-delicate balance of temp and time
What contributes to the bitter part of coffee?
Polyphenols and caffeine released by heat
What is the half life of caffeine?
5hours on average
What does caffeine do to the body?
Milk stimulant of CNS
- can be addicted
- half life different for individuals
How are the compounds in coffee lost?
• Many of the compounds in coffee are lost during heating
-Extending heating period at high temp has a negative effect on aroma and flavour, get same results if you roast at lower temps for a long period of time
How do you make decaf?
Soaking beens in the solvency which remove the caffeine
What are the 4 methods of decaffeination?
Direct: Soaking beans in the solvent
Indirect: Caffeine water is treated with solvent
Swiss water process: beans soaked in hot water dissolves caffeine and passed through activated charcoal which only captures caffeine molecules
Supercritical CO2 process: CO2 liquid forced into water soaked beans under pressure and selectively draws out the caffeine relieving pressure turns CO2 back to gas and only caffeine remains (liquid and gas state)
What is instant coffee?
Dehydrating strong brewed coffee, typically freeze drying or agglomeration
What is the difference between freeze drying and agglomeration?
Freeze dry: Coffee is frozen and then dried by vaporization in the vacuum and reconstitted by added boiling water
Agglomeration: Concentrate passes thorugh drying air funnel
What are the 3 ways to make coffee?
Drip
• Water filters to lowr compartment, extracts less of bitter substances
French press
• Coarse grind best, more flavourful, serve right away
Percolator
• Water is forced upward through a tube into coffee compartment and water filters through coffee several times
What temp should water be to extract desirable amounts of substances from coffee?
Temp should be 85C to extract desireable amount of the substances
-higher than 95 impacts colour flaovur and aroma
What is the most consumed beverage?
Water and then tea
Where does tea come from?
Camellia sinensis bush
-larger whole leaves prized
What is withering?
Tea picked and left to dry which decreases moisture by 50%
- develops free AAs
- increases caffeine availability
What is thiamine and what does it promote?
Found in tea promotes relaxation
What substances does tea contain?
Rich in polyphenols including catechins, theoflavins and thearubigins
What is black tea?
Whithered or dried to remove moisture and rolled in machines to release enzymes and juices
- fermented/oxidized in controlled temp and humidity
- Chlorophyl breaks downed tannins released
- leaves dried in oven
What produced the bitter taste in tea?
tannins
What is green tea?
Leaves withered and steamed, rolled dried and packed
- flavour of teas dependent on terroir and species
- More bitter has little aroma and flavour compared to black tea due to initial steaming process that destroys enzymes and proiduces flavour substances produced during the fermentaiton of black tea
What is matcha tea?
High shade grown produces higher levels of chlorophyll and amino acids
Only youngest leaves picked and steamed slowly dried and ground very finely into powder by special granite grinders to reduce heat generation
How is matcha prepared?
Whole ground leaves into fine powder and mixed with hot water
-whole leave consumed
What is oolong tea?
Partially oxidized or fermented and then steamed or fired to inactivate enzymes
Minimal oxidation has floral notes and more oxidation produces a fruit or woody flavour
What is white tea?
White buds or buds and first few leaves under buds
Only air dried (withered) limited heat treatment no rolling
Delicate flavour
Very little processing
Is herbal tea considered tea?
Herbal teas aren’t technically considered a tea
• Have leaves of tore plants and not specifically from the tea plant
• They are caffeine free
• Dried plant materials from other sources
• Camomile: should avoid if pregnant
What stimulant is in cocoa?
Theobromine
Which has more antioxidants, tea, coffee or cocoa?
Cocoa has higher antioxidant per serving than wine or coffee/tea
Where does 75% of cocoa come from?
Western Africa
-Ivory Coast
when do we know when cacao beans are ready to be picked?
Ripen on tree until pods are golden-orange or red
What are the health benefits of cocoa?
Polyphenols present
Cardiac and neurological health with cocoal and dark chocolate
Why do we ferment and dry cocoa?
Removes pulp, forms flavour precursor, reduces bitterness, develops colour
Yeast, bacteria, fungi
Sun drying develops better chocolate flavour reducing bitterness astringency and acidity. gives better chocolate flavour
How long is the fermentation process of cocoa??
Fermentation takes 5-7 days, and fruit pulp is digested as temp rises cocoa flavour develops
Why do you roast cocoa?
develops flavour through Maillard browning
-105-150C 20-30mins
What is winnowing?
Cracking cocoa beans to separate shells yielding nibs
How do we get cocoa liquor?
grinding nibs generates heat, melting the fat creating chocolate mass/liquor
What happens to the cocoa mass?
Pressed to remove cocoa butter, the dry cake remains and additional grinding makes cocoa powder
Whats ducting?
Treating cocoa with alkali of pH 6-8.8
Bitterness decreases, dark brown/reddish colour
Increased solubility
Lower polyphenols
What is the pH of natural cocoa?
5-6
Does cocoa beverages contain starch?
Yes, 11%
-starch needs to be gelatinized to prevent cocoa from falling out of solution
Why is cornstarch added to cocoa beverage?
Added in cooking process to add more body tot he beverage
What do instant cocoa beverages contain?
Stabilizers and emulsifiers added to keep particles suspended
