Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Toxicology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between venom and posion

A

Venomous animals actively inject toxins into victim

Poisonous animals secrete poisons passively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three classes of venom compounds and what do they cause

A

Lmw substances- pain, inflammation, hypotension

Peptides- direct toxic effects and allergies

Enzymes- cause toxicity and allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the organisms in hymenoptera

A

Bees, wasps, hornets, fire ants

*envenomate with stinger, bees sting once, wasps and hornets sting repeatedly, worry about swarms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MOA of bee venom

A

50% melittin acts as a detergent and hemolytic, causes pain and histamine release
12% phospholipase destroys membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MOA of wasps/hornets

A

Some contain neurotoxins
Alarm pheromones alert the swarm to an intruder
Kinins produce pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MOA of ant venom

A

Piperidine causes dermal necrosis
Formic acid causes burning sensation and pain

Both have cytotoxic, hemolytic, fungicidal, insecticidal, and bactericidal properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clinical signs of hymenoptera

A

Local swelling and reds at site of sting
Anaphylaxis (common cause of death)
Systemic toxicity from delayed allergic reaction (shock, hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, hepatic and renal injury)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment of hymenoptera

A

Remove stinger by scraping
Cold compress
Antihistamines and corticosteroids
Monitor for anaphylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What toxin is produced by ticks and what is the MOA

A

Holocyclotoxin from salivary gland

Impairs acetycholine release at NMJ resulting in weakness and paralysis. May also act on Na channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Clinical signs from tick

A

Appear 6-14 days after attachment of tick

Loss of appetite and voice, incoordination, ascending flaccid paralysis, excessive saliva and vomiting, resp distress, death from resp paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to diagnose ticks

A

Find dermacentor or ixodes ticks

Ascending paralysis and loss of voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treatment of ticks

A 
Supportive care
Atropine sulfate
Anti emetics
Fluids
Oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What poisonous toad are commonly lethal

A

B. Marinus (cane toad/ giant toad) in FL
B. Alvarius in arizona/ california

Eggs and tadpoles are also toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Toad MOA

A

Biogenic amines cause vasocontriction, hypotension, hallucination, GI effects

Bufogenins inhibit Na/K atpase like cardiac glycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diagnosis of toad

A 
Immediate hypersalivation and/or foaming at mouth, head shaking, vomiting
Hyperemic gums
Arrhythmias
Neurologic signs
Hyperkalemia
Death can occur in as little as 15 min!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treatment of toads

A 
Oral decontamination with water lavage
Activated charcoal
Treat seizures and arrhythmias
Fluids
Treat neurologic signs/ hyperkalemia with digoxin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe black widow toxins

A

Has red hourglass on abdomen
Only females are toxic
Venom contains alpha-latrotoxin which creates pores in the membranes allowing Ca entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clinical signs of black widows

A 
Muscle cramping and spasms
Rapid weight loss
Abdominal rigidity
Restlessness, writhing
Vocalization
Hypertension
Tachycardia, resp collapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who is most sensitive to black widow venom

A

Cats

20
Q

Treatment of black widows

A

Control muscle spasms and pain
Calcium gluconate
Anti venom is the only proven treatment
Supportive care

21
Q

Describe the brown recluse venom

A

Contain necrotizing enzymes like sphingomyelinase D

*dogs are most susceptible

22
Q

Clinical signs of brown recluse

A

Inital bite causes little to no pain
3-8 hours after bite the site becomes red, swollen, tender, forms a bullseye

Hemolytic anemia, fever, weakness, leukocytosis

23
Q

Treatment of brown recluse

A

Dapsone for dermal lesion
Fluids, anti inflammatorys, glucocorticoids
Analgesics

24
Q

What families contain basically all the venomous snakes

A

Elapidae or crotalidae

25
Q

Who are the most common victims of snake envenomation

A

Dogs and horses

26
Q

What causes death with snake venom

A

Resp paralysis

27
Q

Describe the eastern coral snake

A

Red, yellow, and black
Small fangs and small heads
Round pupils

28
Q

MOA of coral snake

A

Venom has bungarotoxin (neurotoxin)

Prevent binding of acetylcholine causing paralysis

29
Q

Clinical signs of coral snake envenomation

A

Local tissue necrosis
Hemolysis in dogs
Myoglobinemia in cats
Salivation, dyspnea, hyporeflexia, CNS depression, paralysis

30
Q

Treatment of coral snakes

A

Administer anti venom if neurologic signs develop
Monitor resp signs
Antibiotics and symptomatic wound care

31
Q

What are some examples of pit vipers

A

Copperhead, cottonmouth, rattlesnake

32
Q

Clinical sign of pit vipers

A 
Distinct fang marks
Immediate swelling and bruising
Hypotension, shock, tachycardia, tachypnea
Anticoagulation
Tissue necrosis
33
Q

Treatment of snakes

A

Every case is different

Only proven therapy is anti venom

34
Q

Why should you not cute, ice, or tourniquet a snake bite

A

Don’t localize the venom to one area

35
Q

What are enterotoxins

A

Binds to intestinal epithelium, increases permeability and causes fluid loss and decreased absorption of nutrients

36
Q

What are examples of enterotoxins

A

Salmonella, E coli, bacillus, strep, C. Perfringens

37
Q

Clinical signs of enterotoxins

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, stasis with gas accumulation and bowel distension

38
Q

What is an endotoxin

A

Lipopolysaccharide from gram negative walls

39
Q

What do endotoxins cause

A

Inflammatory processes and causes release of prostaglandins and histamine

40
Q

Clinical signs of endotoxins

A

Circulatory collapse, pancreatitis, activation of clotting cascade, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the heart

Lethargy, fever, hypothermia, diarrhea, abdominal pain, shock bad smelling poop

41
Q

Treatment of enterotoxins and endotoxins

A

Emesis
CV function
Correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances
Antibiotics

42
Q

Where does botulism come from

A

Clostridium botulinum

43
Q

What does botulism do

A

Prevents Ach release at NMJ causing paralysis

44
Q

Clinical signs of botulism

A

Decreased tongue and tail tone
Dropping food from mouth, salivation
Weakness, weak vocalization, progressive paresis, bradycarida, constipation, urinary retention

45
Q

What should you differentiate botulism from

A

Anticholinesterases. Ionophores, lead, nitrate

46
Q

Treatment of botulism

A 
Supportive therapy and IV fluids
Resp support
Oxygen therapy
Warm water enemas and bladder expression
Antibiotics
Antitoxins as long it is not in neurons yet

Toxicology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions