Lecture 7 Flashcards
Examples of NSAIDs
Aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen
What nsaid are dogs sensitive to
Ibuprofen
What nsaid are cats sensitive to
Aspirin
Nsaid MOA
Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, increasing lactic acid and causing metabolic acidosis
Clinical signs of NSAIDs
Acute- nausea, vomiting, fever, resp signs, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, depression, lethargy, weakness, seizures, acidosis with high anion gap, renal failure
Chronic- gastric irritation and ulceration, heinz bodies, anemia, and thrombocytopenia in cats
How to diagnose NSAID toxicity
History and clinical signs Increased anion gap Increased liver enzymes and jaundice Long clotting times Acute renal failure
Treatment for NSAID toxicity
Emesis and charcoal
Address GI ulceration and acute renal failure with ranitidine or sucralfate and misoprostol
Supportive care
Possible transfusion
What is the number one pollutant
Arsenic
How can something be exposed to arsenic
Insecticides, medications, food production, electronics, shellfish, water
Arsenic MOA
Depends on the form
Pentavalent form is reduced and metabolized in the rumen- reduced available metabolic energy and some gets converts to trivalent form which is toxic
MOA of trivalent form of arsenic
Binds to SH groups, disrupts cellular metabolism, and inhibits oxidative phosphorylation
Clinical signs of arsenic
Abdominal pain, gastroenteritis, vomiting in dogs
Weakness, staggering gait
PU/PD progressing to oliguria and anuria, dehydration, thirst
Cold extremities
Salivation, trembling, depression, posterior paresis
What lesions will you see with arsenic
May not see any Brick red gut Foul smelling fluid in GI Soft yellow liver Red congested lungs Damage to kidneys
How to diagnose arsenic
Liver or kidney has more than 5ppm arsenic
Think about when there is sudden onset of gastroenteritis or sudden death
Treatment of arsenic
GI decontamination
Chelation therapy with dimercaprol
Can give sodium thiosulfate prior to clinical signs
Supportive therapy
Where is zinc found
Galvanized metals, pennies made after 1982
Zinc MOA
Forms zinc salts in stomachs acidic environment, oxidative damage leads to hemolysis
Who is arsenic usually seen in
Dogs and aquatic organisms
Clinical signs of zinc
Vomiting and diarrhea PU/PD Hemoglobinuria Jaundice, pancreatitis Hemolytic anemia Depression, anorexia, lameness May see gastric ulcers, renal, hepatic, and pancreatic necrosis
How to diagnose zinc
Serum levels greater than 10 ppm
Zinc in liver more than 200 ppm
Decreased PCV, regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia
Heinz bodies in dogs
Elevated liver, kidney, and pancreatic enzymes
Hemoglobinuria
Rads for hardware ingestion
Treating zinc
Remove foreign bodies
Emesis
Can use proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole or H2 blockers
Clinical signs of soaps/shampoos
vomiting and diarrhea
Treatment of soaps/shampoos
Dilution with milk or water
Fluids
Clinical signs of scouring powder/bleach
Causes liquefactive necrosis
Vomiting, drooling, abdominal pain
Treatment of scouring powder/bleach
Milk or water
Gastroprotectants
NO emesis or lavage because it is caustic and we worry about aspiration pneumonia
What are caustic and corrosive disinfectants
Phenols (lysol)
Pine oils (pine-sol)
Cationic detergents
What does phenol do
Denatures and precipitates cellular proteins (destroys contacted cells)
What does pine oil do
Directly irritating to mm
Cats are more susceptible
Clinical signs of disinfectants
Acute- corrosive burns of oral-esophageal pathway, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, hyper salivation, panting, resp depression, hypotension, ataxia, depression
Severe- progresses to shock, cardiac arrhythmias, methemoglobinemia, hepatic and renal damage, acute renal failure, pulmonary edema
Treatment of disinfectants
Dilutions then charcoal or cathartic
Methylene blue
NO emesis or lavage
Why are dishwasher detergents toxic
High alkalinity
Clinical signs of detergents
Vomiting, diarrhea, salivation, GI pain, oral/esophageal/gastric erosions
Treatment of detergents
Dilution
Analgesics
Steroids
Why are toilet bowl cleaners toxic
Acidic
Clinical signs of toilet bowl cleaners
Vomiting, salivation, dysphagia, abdominal pain, GI ulceration, dyspnea
Treatment of toilet bowl cleaners
Dilution
Metoclopramide
Steroids
NO emesis, lavage, activated charcoal, or cathartics
What is zearalenone
Mycotoxin from fusarium
Who does zearalenone affect
Pigs, cattle, sheep
Chicken are resistant
MOA of zearalenone
Estrogen receptor agonist
What does zearalenone cause
Hyperestrogenism
Feminization of males, large vulvas in females
Diagnosis of zearalenone
Greater than 1-2 ppl in swine feed
Treatment of zearalenone
Change feed
Activated charcoal
