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Toxicology > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of anticoagulants and anticoagulant rodenticides

A

Warfarin- first generation compound; short half life

Brodifacoum- seond generation compound; long half life

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2
Q

Anticoagulant MOA

A

Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase and prevents formation of vit k dependent clotting factors

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3
Q

Clinical signs of anticoagulants

A

Delayed onset
Depression, anorexia, anemia, dyspnesa, nose bleeds, bleeding gums, bloody feces
Hemorrhage

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4
Q

Diagnosis of anticoagulants

A

History
Evidence of coagulopathy
Response to vit k therapy
Increased PT, APTT, or PTT with normal platelet counts

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5
Q

Treatment of anticoagulants

A

Emesis, adsorbent, cathartics
Vit K administration for long time (2 weeks to 1 month)
Possible blood transfusion if needed

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6
Q

Where are nitrates found

A

Fertilizers, plants, contamination of water

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7
Q

Who is susceptible to nitrate toxicosis

A

Pigs>cattle>sheep>horses

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8
Q

What does nitrate converted to nitrite cause

A

Vasodilation and oxidized ferrous iron in hemoglobin resulting in methemoglobinemia
Results in oxygen starvation of tissue

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9
Q

Clinical signs of nitrate

A 
levels of MetHb:
<10%= asymptomatic
15%= cyanosis, brown blood and membranes
50%= ataxia, seizures, coma
>70%= death
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10
Q

How to diagnose nitrate toxicosis

A

Measure levels in food and water

Save plasma, serum, or eye for analysis in necropsy

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11
Q

Treatment of nitrate

A

IV methylene blue- most effective in ruminants; causes urine to become dark green
Use abscorbic acid in cats and horses
Educate farmers
Feed corn to increase nitrite reduction by rumen flora

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12
Q

Cardiac glycosides MOA

A

Come from plants- oleander, lilly of the valley, foxglove

Inhibit Na/K ATPase pump through competition with potassium for binding sites

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13
Q

Clinical signs of glycosides

A

Trembling, staggering, dypsnea
High Ca and Na and K
Tachy, arrhythmias, weak pulse

Clinical signs can depend on which plant and what part of plant is consumed

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14
Q

Treatment of glycosides

A

GI decontamination
Treat arrhtyhmias with propranolol
Treat hyperkalemia
Antidote is digoxin immune Fab fragments (digibind)

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15
Q

Where is cyanide found

A

Wilted leaves and seeds of wild black cherry, white clover, or fresh sorghum
Fertilizers, pesticides, rodenticides, fumigants, combustion

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16
Q

When is cyanide not toxic

A

When it is dry

Toxic when it is hydrogen cyanide gas

17
Q

Cyanide MOA

A

Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and oxidative phosphorylation

18
Q

Clinical signs of cyanide

A

Very rapid
Cherry red blood that is slow to clot
Sudden death, dyspnea, weakness, tremors

19
Q

Treatment of cyanide

A
  1. Induce methemoglobin formation with sodium nitrite to bind cyanide. Afterwards can treat MetHb
  2. Give sodium thiosulfate to increase formation of thiocyanate, which is non toxic

*basically just find another buddy for the cyanide besides the mitochondria

20
Q

What are methylxanthines and where are they found

A

Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline

Found in chocolate, coffee, and medications

21
Q

Methylxanthine MOA

A

Competitive antagonist of adenosine receptors
Cause CNS stimulation, vasoconstriction, and tachycardia
Prevents Ca reuptake leading to increased skeletal and cardiac muscle contractility
Inhibits phosphodiesterase which increased cAMP and GMP concentrations

22
Q

Methylxanthine clinical signs

A 
Vomiting, diarrhea, diuresis
Hyperactivity, panting, bounce
Tachycardia, hypertension
Ataxia
Tremors and seizures
Coma
Death from arrhythmia or resp failure
23
Q

Diagnosis of methylxanthine

A

Can detect theobromine in system for 3-4 days after ingestion

24
Q

Methylxanthine treatment

A 
Gi decontamination- emesis and charcoal
Monitor EKG- treat with lidocaine in dogs
Treat seizures
Maintain respiration
Fluids
25
Q

Where is gossypol found

A

Cottonseed- natural deterrent for insects to not eat the seed
Issue for large animals not small animals

26
Q

Gossypol MOA

A

Accumulates in the plasma with time
Chelates iron and causes anemia
Inhibits dehydrogenase leading to low energy and stress

27
Q

Clinical signs of gossypol

A

Weight loss, weakness, dyspnea, anemia, edema secondary to heart failure, myocardial necrosis, CHF
Dairy cows and lambs may die suddenly

28
Q

Diagnosis of gossypol

A

History of ingestion
Cardiac necrosis, edema, vacuolization
Chemical analysis of gossypol

29
Q

Treatment for gossypol

A

Feeding high protein diet, add vitamin A, iron, and lysine

Remove gossypol source

30
Q

Where does cantharidin come from

A

Blister beetles or spanish flys in alfalfa hay

31
Q

Who does cantharidin usually affect

A

Horses

32
Q

MOA of cantharidin

A

Inhibits protein phosphatases

Irritates mucous membranes

33
Q

Clinical signs of cantharidin

A

Colic, frequent urination, diaphragm contraction with heart beat, shock
Ulceration of oral, GI, and bladder epithelia (will see them dipping muzzles in water)
Causes cardiac toxicity

34
Q

Cantharidin diagnosis

A 
Alafala hay consumption
Search for beetles in hay or stomach
Hypocalcemia, increased BUN
Ulceration of mm
Cardiac necrosis
Sudden death with no struggle
35
Q

Treatment of cantharidin

A

GI decontamination and protection, antibiotics

Toxicology (8 decks)

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