Lecture 8

Question 1

what is a tonotopic map?

Answer 1

particular case of topographic organization, begins at the cochlea, the structure in the inner ear that sends information about sound to the brain.

Question 2

Lek breeding systems allow for what?

Answer 2

immediate comparison between potential mates

Question 3

Anurans use what kind of breeding system?

Answer 3

lek

Question 4

describe phonotaxis?

Answer 4

females will orient towards the source of the sound

Question 5

How do anurans produce vocal sounds?

Answer 5

produced by forcing air thru a narrow opening (glottis)

Question 6

describe stridulation in birds?

Answer 6

Specialized adaptations of wings
 Secondary wing feathers are enlarged and hollow with regular, raised ridges; neighboring feather tapers abruptly to a thin, stiff, blade

Question 7

Sage grouse birds are ________ _______ birds

Answer 7

lek breeding

Question 8

Sage grouse birds display what (Koch 2015)?

Answer 8

vocalizations and stridulations

Question 9

What is male breeding success correlated with in sage grouse birds?

Answer 9

correlated with rate of display and vocal “inter-pop interval”

Question 10

Male display of stridulation consists of what?

Answer 10

inflate air sacs
 First and second swish
 Pop
 The popping sound can carry over 3 kilometers

Question 11

describe the stridulation in birds frm beginning to end?

Answer 11

The first swish is characterized by frequency upsweep
 The second swish occurs 1 second later and begins with a
downsweep followed by increasing frequency in the later half of the note
 These two sounds are frequency modulated (rare occurance in mechanical sound)

Question 12

The swish sounds are highly __________ between males

Answer 12

variable

Question 13

_______ swish durations have __________ frequency ranges.

Answer 13

longer, larger

Question 14

Successful males tend to have larger what?

Answer 14

larger frequency ranges for a given duration in the 2nd swish

Question 15

2nd swish downslopes of successful males have what?

Answer 15

Significantly larger frequency ranges relative to duration

Question 16

Successful males increased the magnitide of the frquency to duration ration by doing what?

Answer 16

decreasing distance to nearest female (only for the downseep of the 2nd swish)

Question 17

When trying to mate, what do the grouse birds do?

Answer 17

adjust their rate of displaying when females are present
 They also change the quality of their display as females approach
 Specifically they change the frequency range of the second swish downslope

Question 18

Describe cicadas

Answer 18

insects with 2 pairs of membrane wings, prominent compound eyes and 3 simple eyes (ocelli)

Question 19

Cicadas produce loud sounds by what?

Answer 19

vibrating membranes (tymbals) near base of abdomen.

• -Rhythmical ticks, buzzes or musical sounds
• -courtship songs

Question 20

a tymbal is the most __________ sound producing mechanism known.

Answer 20

complex

Question 21

How does a tymbal look?

Answer 21

Circular membrane surrounded by heavy rings on cicada’s abdomen

Question 22

how does a tymbal work?

Answer 22

Contraction of tymbal muscle causes tymbal to spring back, producing loud click or pulse (120 – 480 per second); amplified by resonating cavity in the abdomen
 Loudest known insect sound: up to 100 dB at close range
 Most likely females detect and prefer males with the loudest “song”

Question 23

Cicada sounds can carry for how long?

Answer 23

over 1 mile in distance through dense jungle

–sounds are produced between 2-4KHz

Question 24

Auditory receptors of each species are tuned to the what?

Answer 24

carrier frequencies of their own species call.

Question 25

Dense choruses of magicidada males are…?

Answer 25

avoided by predatory birds; the larger the group the more likely the birds will avoid the area.

Question 26

Calls of cytosoma saundersii appear to what?

Answer 26

attract both males and females to a single area. The more individuals calling the more attractive the area.

Question 27

Cicada call patterns and behaviors vary by _______

Answer 27

species

Question 28

Among and between species show difference in ________ and _________.

Answer 28

synchrony and alternation
“domino effect”: first song triggers others
“last words effect”: competition for last song