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Animal Communication > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

How do whales communicate?

A

very specific song patterns

different dialects

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2
Q

If blue whales are found in pairs they may be several…?

A

kilometers apart.

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3
Q

Does sound travel faster in water or air?

A

Sound travels up to 5 times faster in water than in air.

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4
Q

What is the breadth of blue whale calls?

A

Whales can produce calls as low as 14 Hz and as loud as 180 dB

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5
Q

Due to noise pollution what has happened to the hearing ability of blue whales?

A

they can only hear 100 miles away as oppose to 1000 miles away in 1940
Male songs have dropped in pitch by 30% since 1960s.

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6
Q

Right whales now communication at frequencies ______________ higher than they did a century ago.

A

2/3 of an octave

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7
Q

What do blue whales do when they find food?

A

tend to emit mid-frequency calls and communicate with conspecifics in the area

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8
Q

What study did Goldbogen conduct?

A

Performed a series of studies on the disruptive effect of mid-frequency sonar on blue whales

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9
Q

what sound does military sonar emit?

A

emits sounds between 1-10 KHz

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10
Q

What has military sonar frequencies been linked to?

A

mass strandings and large scale mortality, especially in beaked whales

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11
Q

The mid frequencies are ________ than the most sensitive auditory perceptive range in most toothed whales.

A

lower

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12
Q

the mid frequencies are _______ that the long distance calling frequencies.

A

higher

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13
Q

What kind of effect did military sonar have on whales that surface fed?

A

they showed little to no change in behavior pattern

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14
Q

What kind of effect did military sonar have on whales that deep dive fed?

A

suddenly terminated feeding
switched to mid water dive
increased swimming speed
swan away from sonar emission

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15
Q

what gender produces loud songs and why?

A

only male blue whales sing loud songs to find mates

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16
Q

Two types of hearing:

A

particle detector

pressure detector

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17
Q

how do particle detectors work?

A

long thin organs that move when barraged by many particles

–only work in near field

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18
Q

Give an example of an animal with a particle detector

A

fruit fly

–courtship dance of male flies that females can detect and monitor near filed signals with an arista

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19
Q

What is an example of particle detector in male mosquitos?

A

Plumose antennae are used to detect the species specific wing beat of females.

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20
Q

What’s an example of a particle detector in roaches and crickets?

A

Very fine hairs at the tips of their abdomens
• Variations in the lengths of these hairs is correlated with the particular near field sound frequencies to which each hair is sensitive

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21
Q

how do particle detectors provide mechanical advantage to an animal?

A

long hairs and antennae that attach to the cuticle of the animal.
–small force distributed over the axis of hair is sent to sensory cells as small displacement but one of great force.

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22
Q

What are some other advantages of particle detectors

A

very weak sound field can be detected by these types of receivers
mosquito antenna are one of the most sensitive auditory receptors among anthropods.

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23
Q

What are some cons of particle detectors?

A

signal amplitude and direction are confounded

dipolar near fields dont produce particle movements whose axis points at the source

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of particle detectors?

A
  • lower frequencies
  • Dynamic ranges and temporal tracking …
  • slowly varying waveforms well
  • Provide relatively undistorted signals to sensory cells • Inherently directional
  • Use is limited to near fields
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25
Q

describe a pressure detector?

A

Tympanum couples sound to the medium, relies on pressure differences on each side of membrane.

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26
Q

What happens if there’s unequal pressure?

A

the membrane is bent away from the side of higher pressure. This bending can be coupled to sensor cells to produce neural impulses

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27
Q

Pressure detectors consists of…?

A

consists of a tympanum stretched over a closed cavity

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28
Q

how do pressure detectors work?

A
  • As air pressure changes on one side of the tympanum it will bulge and bend to accommodate these changes causing vibrations along the membrane
  • These vibrations can then be coded and transmitted to sensory cells
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29
Q

What is the equation for pressure detectors?

A

The force (F) on a tympanum is equal to the product of sound pressure (P) and membrane area (A); F=PA

30
Q

large thing membranes are…?

A

very efficient ways to trap incident sound energy

31
Q

the thinness of the membrane and restorative factors..?

A

created by compression of a closed cavity volume also help to track changes in incident waveforms rapidly

32
Q

Tympana can be thin so their…?

A

so their acoustic impedance is close to that of air

33
Q

Most of the sound energy carried in air will be…?

A

reflected at the ears

34
Q

Terrestrial organisms consist of…?

A

water and solids

35
Q

Pressure detectors lack…?

A

Intrinsic ability to detect direction

36
Q

what is the sound shadow effect?

A

region of reduced amplitude of a sound because it is obstructed by the head.

37
Q

what is the interaural intensity difference?

A

sound coming from a source located to one side of the head will have a higher intensity, or be louder, at the ear nearest the sound source

38
Q

what is the interaural time difference

A

difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears. It is important in the localization of sounds, as it provides a cue to the direction or angle of the sound source from the head.

39
Q

what is the max detectable delay for pressure detectors on humans?

A

.5msec

40
Q

for animals with only 1 cm seperating its ears what is the detectable delay?

A

.03msec

41
Q

describe the cochlea

A

Fluid filled structure that contains Basilar Membrane and the Organ of Corti

42
Q

describe place theory

A

theory of hearing which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane.

43
Q

what is volley principle

A

groups of neurons of the auditory system respond to a sound by firing action potentials slightly out of phase with one another so that when combined, a greater frequency of sound can be encoded and sent to the brain to be analyzed.

44
Q

describe anuran calls

A

simple and stereotypes, used to attract mates and warn off competitiors

45
Q

the anuran air sac helps with what?

A

sound amplification

46
Q

what happens if you puncture anuran air sac?

A

results in a decrease in sound pressure level by a factor of 5.

47
Q

How is anuran larynx similar to that of a reptile?

A

Cricotracheal cartilage attached to the arytenoid cartilages

• Lacks thyroid cartilage

48
Q

Are anuran male larynx bigger than that of females?

A

male larynx is heavier and larger than females though females are larger than males

49
Q

in anuran calls, vocal cords are responsible for what?

A

tonal quality of the signal generated.

50
Q

what is the primary center for the production of advertisement calls.

A

preoptic nucleus

51
Q

Males show significantly __________ neuronal response in this area than females.

A

stronger

52
Q

How are these anuran calls conducted?

A

Males cluster within an area and wait for females to arrive
• While waiting, some males call while others remain silent
• Depending on the density of males in the area, there can be a lot of calling competition

53
Q

Because males need to detect relatively noise free opportunities to call, they need to asses background noise in 3 domains:

A 
overall intensity
signal duration
signal bandwidth (frequency)
54
Q

Because females need to identify and locate preferred males in a noisy environment, they need to asses calls how?

A

Localize potentially relevant signals
discriminate between conspecifics and heterospecifics
use calls to find males of high genetic quality

55
Q

Describe the ear mechanisms of anurans.

A

don’t have external ears

  • -two middle ear symptoms with a tympanum, middle ear cavity and stapes.
  • -opercularis system
  • -connected directly with the oral cavity
56
Q

What is the opercularis system?

A

specialized for highly directional soundlocalization

• Auditory signals make contact with the ear drum from both sides

57
Q

Anuran inner ears consists of 2 spatially separated organs:

A

amphibian papilla

basilar papilla, intraspecific differences based on sex and size.

58
Q

in coqui frogs, males produce a two note ad call:

A

co: male-male competition, lower frequency
qui: attract mates, produced 100msec later, higher frequency

59
Q

t/f: the excitatory frequencies of the amphibian papilla are the same for males and females

A

true

60
Q

in coqui frogs, males have a greater number of what?

A

cells in the basilar papilla tuned to the “CO” note than do females

61
Q

in coqui frogs, females have a larger number of what?

A

cells within the basilar papilla that are tuned to the “QUI” note

62
Q

t/f:Best excitatory frequency of the basilar papilla is tuned to a lower frequency in males than in females

A

false, tuned to a higher frequency

63
Q

Anurans are _________ so temp affects their behavior directly

A

ectothermic

64
Q

Changes in temperature effect best excitatory frequencies in the ________ papilla but not for the _________ papilla

A

amphibian, basilar

65
Q

in coqui frogs, the auditory nerve…?

A

is capable of temporal integration varying as a function of frequency

66
Q

What are the frequency ranges of coqui frogs and the length of the integration times?

A

Frequencies below 500 Hz had the longest integration times
• Frequencies between 500-1200 Hz have the shortest integration times
• Frequencies above 1200 Hz have intermediate integration times

67
Q

What are some characteristics of the coqui frog?

A

Differences in integration times allows for brief periods of silence between the “CO” and “QUI” notes
• Males minimize acoustic jamming
• Females receive an opportunity to more readily evaluate the signals of individual males

68
Q

coqui frogs possess a _________ _______ _____ surrounding lung cavity

A

sound receiving mechanism,

69
Q

The sound receiving mechanism in coqui frogs are most sensitive to…?

A

signals in the 1300-2600Hz range

70
Q

The sensitivity of the _______ ______ of the body to sound vibration may provide females of this species with a highly refined mechanism for locating appropriate mates

A

lateral protion

Animal Communication (23 decks)

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