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Animal Communication > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

When does courtship begin?

A

two potential conspecifics of the opposite sex are in close proximity

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2
Q

What are 2 main functions of courtship?

A

Mate assessment

Mate synchronization

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3
Q

Why is the range of courtship signals short?

A

Reduce eavesdropping by predators or mate competitors

Keep nest hidden

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4
Q

________ signals are particularly effective

A

Tactile

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5
Q

Directional information is well coded by visual displays. What does this mean?

A

Direct attention toward certain individuals.

Color patches and displays

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6
Q

Courtship signals are what?

A

lower in amplitude but higher in duty-cycle than attraction signals.

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7
Q

Courtship signals are derived from what?

A

reproductive intention movements

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8
Q

What are some reproductive intention movements?

A

Mimic nest construction
Mate provisioning
Nest material manipulation

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9
Q

What are the 4 main types of models of mate choice?

A

Direct benefits
Good genes
Runaway selection
Sensory exploitation

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10
Q

Describe the direct benefits model.

A

 Males vary in a non-heritable phenotypic trait that indicates a direct benefit to the female and her offspring

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11
Q

Give an example of direct benefits model?

A

High song rates rates in birds linked to amount of resources in territory

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12
Q

Describe nuptial gifts?

A

Usually food, given to potential mates during courtship.

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13
Q

Given an example of nuptial gifts?

A

 Female scorpion flies alter amount of time spent mating in direct proportion to size of nuptial gift

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14
Q

What do male scorpion flies do?

A

Developed aggressive
foraging behaviors
 Will steal prey items from each other
 Males will mimic receptive females to steal prey items from other males

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15
Q

Why are costly and conspicuous male traits the target of female choice?

A

Such traits indicate some aspect of male quality. Provide offspring with higher survivorship

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16
Q

What are indicator traits?

A

traits females use to make selection decisions (good genes model)

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17
Q

How do female pronghorn antelopes select mates?

A

Based on ability to protect harem. Males with largest harems are presumably more successful.

18
Q

Byers tracked survivorship of offspring based on what?

A

Mother’s harem size.

19
Q

What was the findings in the Byers study?

A

Offspring from ‘attractive’ males had higher survival

rates than offspring from other males

20
Q

 Genetic models of this process are based on

coevolution of three characteristics:

A

Male indicator trait
Female preference for the trait
extra one idk

21
Q

Why should honest indicator traits be costly to produce?

A

More costly traits are harder to ‘fake’ and increase reliability
 Low quality males cannot support the cost of these traits

22
Q

The male trait (in the handicap model) and female preference are limited due to survivorship. Why?

A

Males w/o trait and its cost have higher fitness

23
Q

Describe the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis?

A

-Females select traits that indicate parasite resistance
-Body coloration is reliably
linked to endoparasite
infection
-Endoparasites aren’t visible but can have impact on outward expressed traits

24
Q

What is major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

A

set of genes that improves disease resistance

25
Q

MHC is the most variable set of genes (no 2 ppl have matching MHC). Why?

A

Variability must be a result of preference for individuals with NON-matching MHC
 Selection is based on olfactory cues

26
Q

What was the study Wedekind did?

A

Tested human preference for MHC variability

 Men wore the same shirt for two nights; women were asked to select the most ‘attractive’ shirt

27
Q

What were the findings of the Wedekind Study?

A

 Women reliably selected shirts from males with the most dissimilar MHC

28
Q

What study did Milinski do?

A

Tested cues used by female sticklebacks to

detect MHC quality

29
Q

Sticklebacks range in MHC alleles from ___ to _____.

A

2 to 8

30
Q

Individuals with more alleles have what?

A

Strong disease resistance

31
Q

What were the findings of the Milinski study?

A

Females reliably preferred males with the largest

number of MHC alleles

32
Q

In runaway selection, a relationship exists between what?

A

alleles that code for a

male trait and female preference for that specific trait

33
Q

What happens when the preference/trait association is set in motion?

A

The effect will become exaggerated over generations
 Males will develop an amplified version of the
originally preferred trait
 Females will apply stronger selection pressures for the
expressed trait

34
Q

Female stalk eye flies prefer males with _______ eye stalks.

A

longer

35
Q

What two test conditions were created in the stalk eye experiment?

A

Males with the longest eye stalks were allowed to breed
 Males with the shortest eye stalks were allowed to breed
 Females were selected randomly for the two treatments

36
Q

What were the results in the long stalk eye condition?

A

Resulting offspring

had increasingly long eye stalks and the converse was true in the short eye-stalk condition

37
Q

When females of the subsequent generation of short eye stalks were given free choice of mates, what happened?

A

they selected males

from their experimental condition (preference has to exist in females)

38
Q

Cluttonbrock studies male-male competition in red deer. What are the findings?

A

 Male stags compete to
maintain harems
 23% of harem holders show signs of fighting injury
 6% are permanently injured

39
Q

Male red deer use what to help judge fighting ability?

A

bouts of roaring

40
Q

When is roaring seen?

A

almost exclusively during mating season.

41
Q

When do roaring rates increase?

A

When male competitors approach

Animal Communication (23 decks)

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