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BMS 334 (Histology) > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
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3
Q
  1. explain what is happening at 1
  2. 2
A
  1. Modification of rhythm and rate in the brainstem (medulla oblongata and pons)- allows for a smooth transition between inspiration and expiration and normal respiratory rate
  2. Lung ventilation- inhalation and exhalation of air
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4
Q

what is happening at 3?

4?

A
  1. Distribution of air via the conducting airways
  2. Diffusion of gases at pulmonary capillary level
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5
Q

what is happening at 5?

6?

A
  1. Perfusion of alveoli by blood in pulmonary capillaries
  2. Diffusion of gases at the systemic capillary level- O2 to the tissues, CO2 away from tissues
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6
Q

what is happening at 7?

8?

A
  1. O2 and CO2 carriers (ie- hemoglobin) in the blood and acid-base balance
  2. O2 and CO2 sensors that send information regarding the concentration of gases to the brainstem to modify the respiratory rhythm.
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7
Q
  1. How does a decrease (rest) in blood flow (perfusion) affect PAO2?
  2. PaO2
A
  1. As the blood is flowing slower there will be a higher oxygen content in the alveolus
  2. higher oxygen content in arteriole also

V in graph is mixed venous blood

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8
Q

How does an increase (exercise) in blood flow (perfusion) affect PO2?

A
  1. as the blood is flowing faster there will be less oxygen in the alveolus
    • also less oxygen because it was dumped off into the tissues
  2. also less blood in the arterole

V in graph is mixed venous blood

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9
Q
  1. What does the ventilation/perfusion ratio determine
  2. What is the meaning of a normal Ventilation/Perfusion ratio?
  3. What is the meaning of a low or high Ventilation/Perfusion ratio?

need to finish

A
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10
Q

What will happen if there is an obstructed bronchiole

A

low Ventilation/Perfusion ratio

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11
Q

what will happen to the Ventilation/Perfusion ratio if there is an obstructed venous capillary

A

high ventilation/perfusion ratio

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12
Q

what is PO2?

A

PO2 determines the quantity of dissolved oxygen (free oxygen molecules) in the plasma

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13
Q

The higher the partial pressure, the less or more O2 will be dissolved in plasma

A

the more O2 will be dissolved in plasma

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14
Q

is oxygen very soluble in plasma?

A
  • no!

only 0.003 ml/mmHg/dl

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15
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A
  • oxygen enters the RBC
  • 1 oxygen binds to 1 Iron molecule
  • 1 iron molecule is on 1 heme group
  • there are 4 heme groups on hemoglobin
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16
Q
  1. Define saturation.
  2. Describe how hemoglobin is able to be 100% saturated with O2.
A
  1. Saturation of hemoglobin describes the % of oxygen binding sites on Hb occupied by oxygen;
  2. e.g. 90% saturated would mean that 90% of the oxygen binding sites are actually bound to oxygen
    • The remaining 10% of Hb sites are either unbound or bound to something else
17
Q

What is the oxygen content/concentration- CaO2 (ml/dl) of blood (erythrocytes and plasma)?

A
  1. First part of the equation: The amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin (Hb) plus
  2. Second part of the equation: The dissolved O2 due to the PaO2
18
Q

what is Oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygen bound to hemoglobin

19
Q

is there more oxygen in plasma or whole blood?

A
  1. 65 X more O2 in whole blood than plasma
  2. 100 ml (dl) of whole blood contains about 20 ml O2 (plasma only 0.3 ml)
  3. 1 gram of hemoglobin can combine with 1.34 – 1.39 ml O2 when fully saturated
20
Q

what is anemia

A

Decrease in RBC count or decrease in hemaglobin

21
Q
  1. what will happen to oxygen saturation curve in an anemic animal?
  2. What will the concentration of hemoglobin be?
A
  1. will be lowered
  2. 10 g/dL
22
Q

what is polycythemia?

A

Increase in RBC

23
Q
  1. what will happen to oxygen saturation curve in a polycythemic animal?
  2. what will be the hemoglobin concentration?
A
  1. it will be highered
  2. 10 g/dL
24
Q
  • What are the 3 important data points on an oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve
  • what does each mean?
A
  • 30-60 deoxygenated blood from contracting skeletal muscle
  • 40-75 deoxygenated blood in systemic veins at rest
  • 60-90 oxygenated blood in systemic arteries
25
Q

at what PaO2 is hemoglobin saturated at 100%

A

100 mm hg

26
Q
  1. At what PaO2 will an animal need to be supplemented with O2
  2. %Hb sat?
A
  1. PaO2 < 60 mmhg
  2. %Hb sat is
27
Q

what clinical tool is used to measure hemoglobin saturation

A

Pulse Oximetry measures Sp02

28
Q
  1. Now use the values in the equation below to determine the oxygen content/concentration ( CaO2 ) for an anemic animal (low [hb])

[Hb] = 10.0 gm/dl

PaO2 = 100 mmHg

CaO2 = (Hb x Sat x 1.36) +(PaO2 x 0.003)

  1. What would the new PaO2 be after the body extracted 5 ml O2 /dl (CaO2 )?
A
  1. CaO2= (10 x 1 x 1.36) + (100 x 0.003)
    • 14 ml/dl = 13.6 + 0.3
  2. 14-5 = 9 ml/dl = CaO2
    • PaO2 = 30 mm hg
29
Q
  1. What is the P50 Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve?
  2. Is there very much variation between mammals?
A
  1. P50 value for different species- Partial pressure at 50% saturation
  2. There is variation
30
Q
  1. What is the P50 values for a horse
  2. dog
  3. cow
  4. pig
A
  1. Horse = 25 mmHg
  2. Dog = 29 mmHg
  3. Cow = 31 mmHg
  4. Pig = 31 mmHg
31
Q

When is it appropriate to use the following symbols?

  1. PaO2 vs
  2. SaO2 vs
  3. CaO2
A
  1. PaO2 (mmHg) – dissolved oxygen in plasma
  2. SaO2 (%) – percentage of oxygen binding sites occupied on the hemoglobin molecules
  3. CaO2 (ml/dl) – the quantity of oxygen in one deciliter (dl) or blood
32
Q
  1. What happens if the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve gets shifted to the right?
  2. left?
A
  1. O2 splits more readily from hemoglobin
  2. O2 binds more to hemoglobin
33
Q

What will shift an oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve from normal to the right? (4 things)

A
  1. Increased hydrogen ions (Lower pH, more acidic)
  2. increased CO2
  3. increased temperature
  4. increased BPG
34
Q
  1. Where is BPG located?
  2. What will increase it?
  3. what is it an adaptation to?
A
  1. Normally some BPG exists in the blood
  2. Hypoxia for more than a few hours will increase the 2,3 BPG concentration
  3. An adaptation to chronic hypoxia – e.g. high altitude
35
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A
  • the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve shift To The Right Due To Increased PCO2
  • Due Partially To:
    • CO2 Binding To Hb Molecule
    • Increased [H+] Concentration
      • CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
  • Lowered pH drives drives O2 off Hb, making more O2 available for tissues.
36
Q
  1. What does carbon monoxide do with hemoglobin
  2. what happens to the oxygen hemoglobin dissociacion curve?
  3. why is it bad?
A
  1. Carbon monoxide binds 200x more effectively to hemoglobin
  2. shifts it down
  3. No oxygen can bind to hemoglobin, you will die

BMS 334 (Histology) (14 decks)

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