Lecture 12 Flashcards
- what is the primary controller of ventilation?
- what will happen generally when it is activated
- PaCO2
- Will increase tidal volume and increase respiratory rate
What are 2 other controllers of ventilation
- Increase in [H+] in arterial blood or CSF causes increase in alveolar ventilation
- Decrease in PaO2 causes increase in alveolar ventilation
- what will you see in animals on examination during dyspnea or respiratory distress
- what can lead to it
- breathing appears difficult, uncomfortable, or labored
- Results from alterations in any part of the respiratory system
- May be due to abnormal mechanics of the lung or chest wall
- what is cyanosis?
- what leads to it?
- Bluish or red-purple color in the mucous membranes
- Increased amount of deoxygenated Hemoglobin 3 to 5 g/dl of reduced Hemoglobin
- What will your SpO2 will show during cyanosis
* PaO2?
- SaO2 or SpO2 of 73 to 78% (normal [Hb])
- PaO2 of 39 to 44 mmHg
will you see cyanosis in severe anemia?
may not show cyanosis
What is CRT
capillary refill time
Define
- Eupnea-
- Tachypnea-
- Hyperpnea -
- Bradypnea-
- Eupnea- normal breathing
- Tachypnea- Increase in respiratory rate
- Hyperpnea - Increase in respiratory rate
- Bradypnea- Decrease in respiratory rate
define
- Hypocapnea-
- Hypercapnea-
- Hypercarbia-
- Hypocapnea- Decrease in PCO2 concentration
- Hypercarbia-Increase in PCO2 concentration
- Hypercapnea- Increase in PCO2 concentration
what is being shown at 1?
- Periodic Deep Breath = Sigh
- Complimentary Breath
- What type of breathing pattern is this
- when will this commonly happen in
- Biot Breathing
- Group Breathing
- common in anesthetized animals
- What is this called?
- what can cause this
- Kussmaul’s Breathing
- Tidal volume will increase
- Metabolic Acidosis
- what is this breathing pattern called
- when will this generally happen
- Cheyne - Stokes Breathing
- You will see a waxing and waning
- Increase in tidal volume and then go back down
- Heart Failure
- Poor feedback group of chemoreceptors back to brainstem
- What is the second breathing pattern called
- when can this happen
- Apneustic breathing
- Will exhale first and then inhale
- Brain Stem Injury
- Ketamine Anesthesia
what are 3 nonrespiratory functions of the respiratory system
1 Filter
2 Thermoregulation
3 Defense Mechanisms
Describe the 3 particle sizes, where they will be deposited in
- >5 µm, large airways
- 1-5 µm, small airways
3.
What is an aerosol?
small particles or liquid droplets suspended in air
List 2 or 3 toxic gases
- carbon monoxide
- nitrogen oxides
- sulfur oxides
Which animals can do thermoregulation through nasal or mouth
- Dogs
- cats
- sheep
- birds
What happens during panting to allow animals to thermoregulate
- Rapid frequency (200-400 breaths/min)
- Small tidal volume
- –Constant dead space ventilation (D)
- –Small alveolar ventilation () avoids hyperventilation and alkalosis
- Vascular engorgement of respiratory and oral mucosa
- Increased salivation
What is the VD/VT ratio? 2. Why is the VD/VT ratio important for thermoregulation in the dog?
(this maybe on exam)
- The VD/VT ratio is the fraction of each breath ventilating the dead-space area.
- Thermoregulation in the dog: when it is too hot the dog starts to pant and this has a smaller VT which increases water evaportaion and promotes heat loss to cool them off,
- if they are too cold they slow down their respiration to preserve their heat and have a higher VT.
what is special about thermoregulation in even-towed ungulates (e.g thomson’s gazell)
- Nasal Evaporation
- Will be in circle of willis where it will cool blood going to brain.
What are 5 nonspecific defenses of the respiratory system
- Surfactant proteins A & D, defensin peptides
- Mucociliary system
- Cough
- Alveolar macrophages
- Toll-like receptors - recognize bacteria/fungi