Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. what is the primary controller of ventilation?
  2. what will happen generally when it is activated
A
  1. PaCO2
  2. Will increase tidal volume and increase respiratory rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 2 other controllers of ventilation

A
  1. Increase in [H+] in arterial blood or CSF causes increase in alveolar ventilation
  2. Decrease in PaO2 causes increase in alveolar ventilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. what will you see in animals on examination during dyspnea or respiratory distress
  2. what can lead to it
A
  1. breathing appears difficult, uncomfortable, or labored
  2. Results from alterations in any part of the respiratory system
    • May be due to abnormal mechanics of the lung or chest wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. what is cyanosis?
  2. what leads to it?
A
  1. Bluish or red-purple color in the mucous membranes
  2. Increased amount of deoxygenated Hemoglobin 3 to 5 g/dl of reduced Hemoglobin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. What will your SpO2 will show during cyanosis
    * PaO2?
A
  1. SaO2 or SpO2 of 73 to 78% (normal [Hb])
  2. PaO2 of 39 to 44 mmHg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

will you see cyanosis in severe anemia?

A

may not show cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is CRT

A

capillary refill time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define

  1. Eupnea-
  2. Tachypnea-
  3. Hyperpnea -
  4. Bradypnea-
A
  1. Eupnea- normal breathing
  2. Tachypnea- Increase in respiratory rate
  3. Hyperpnea - Increase in respiratory rate
  4. Bradypnea- Decrease in respiratory rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define

  1. Hypocapnea-
  2. Hypercapnea-
  3. Hypercarbia-
A
  1. Hypocapnea- Decrease in PCO2 concentration
  2. Hypercarbia-Increase in PCO2 concentration
  3. Hypercapnea- Increase in PCO2 concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is being shown at 1?

A
  • Periodic Deep Breath = Sigh
  • Complimentary Breath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. What type of breathing pattern is this
  2. when will this commonly happen in
A
  1. Biot Breathing
    • Group Breathing
  2. common in anesthetized animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. What is this called?
  2. what can cause this
A
  1. Kussmaul’s Breathing
    • Tidal volume will increase
  2. Metabolic Acidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. what is this breathing pattern called
  2. when will this generally happen
A
  1. Cheyne - Stokes Breathing
    • You will see a waxing and waning
    • Increase in tidal volume and then go back down
  2. Heart Failure
    • Poor feedback group of chemoreceptors back to brainstem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. What is the second breathing pattern called
  2. when can this happen
A
  1. Apneustic breathing
    • Will exhale first and then inhale
  2. Brain Stem Injury
    • Ketamine Anesthesia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are 3 nonrespiratory functions of the respiratory system

A

1 Filter
2 Thermoregulation
3 Defense Mechanisms

17
Q

Describe the 3 particle sizes, where they will be deposited in

A
  1. >5 µm, large airways
  2. 1-5 µm, small airways
    3.
18
Q

What is an aerosol?

A

small particles or liquid droplets suspended in air

19
Q

List 2 or 3 toxic gases

A
  1. carbon monoxide
  2. nitrogen oxides
  3. sulfur oxides
20
Q

Which animals can do thermoregulation through nasal or mouth

A
  • Dogs
  • cats
  • sheep
  • birds
21
Q

What happens during panting to allow animals to thermoregulate

A
  1. Rapid frequency (200-400 breaths/min)
  2. Small tidal volume
    • –Constant dead space ventilation (D)
    • –Small alveolar ventilation () avoids hyperventilation and alkalosis
  3. Vascular engorgement of respiratory and oral mucosa
  4. Increased salivation
22
Q

What is the VD/VT ratio? 2. Why is the VD/VT ratio important for thermoregulation in the dog?

(this maybe on exam)

A
  • The VD/VT ratio is the fraction of each breath ventilating the dead-space area.
  • Thermoregulation in the dog: when it is too hot the dog starts to pant and this has a smaller VT which increases water evaportaion and promotes heat loss to cool them off,
  • if they are too cold they slow down their respiration to preserve their heat and have a higher VT.
23
Q

what is special about thermoregulation in even-towed ungulates (e.g thomson’s gazell)

A
  • Nasal Evaporation
  • Will be in circle of willis where it will cool blood going to brain.
24
Q

What are 5 nonspecific defenses of the respiratory system

A
  1. Surfactant proteins A & D, defensin peptides
  2. Mucociliary system
  3. Cough
  4. Alveolar macrophages
  5. Toll-like receptors - recognize bacteria/fungi
25
What is a specific defense of the respiratory tract
Immune system: IgA in lining fluid
26
Explain the mucociliary system of the lung and include: its function, where the mucus comes from, its distribution, how it’s moved cranially, and the value of the sol layer
* Escalator to the pharynx (4 mm – 2 cm/min) * Cilia beat 1000x minute * Beat in coordinated manner * Sol layer – inner, liquid, low viscosity * Viscous gel layer – outer, catches particles * Blanket propelled by cilia and gravity * Mucus – nonciliate Clara cells, goblet cells, submucosal bronchial glands * Transepithelial movement of water and ions affects the thickness of the sol layer
27
1. What does a cough accomplish? 2. what stimulates it? 3. How high of a pressure can it generate?
1. Clears mucoid secretions from intrathoracic trachea and large bronchi 2. Subepithelial irritant or stretch receptors * Mechanical deformation * Hyperresponsive when passages are inflamed 3. 100 mmHg
28
Describe the function of the alveolar macrophage
* Resident phagocyte in the normal lung * Mucociliary blanket * Traverse the alveolar wall and enters the lymphatic tissues * First line of defense * Produce bactericidal agents (lysozymes) * Phagocytosis- Engulf sediment