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BMS 334 (Histology) > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the 6 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. gas exchange process
  2. Regulation of body/blood pH by CO2 and associated H2CO3
  3. Communication with sounds and pheromones
  4. Metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances
  5. Immune function
  6. Thermoregulation
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3
Q

What are the general steps of the gas exchange process?

A
  1. ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. pulmonary gas exchange
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4
Q

what happens during the ventilation step of gas exchange

A

inhalation and exhalation

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5
Q

what happens during the external respiration step of gas exchange

A

pulmonary gas exchange

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6
Q

what happens during the internal respiration step of gas exchange

A
  • Systemic tissue gas exchange
    • Deliver oxygen (O2) to support tissue metabolism
    • Eliminate carbon dioxide (CO2) from tissues
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7
Q

Describe the first 4 steps in the processes involved in gas exchange

A
  1. Modification of rhythm and rate in the brainstem (medulla oblongata and pons)- allows for a smooth transition between inspiration and expiration and normal respiratory rate
  2. Lung ventilation- inhalation and exhalation of air
  3. Distribution of air via the conducting airways
  4. Diffusion of air pulmonary capillary level
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8
Q

describe the last 4 steps in the processes involved in gas exchange

A
  1. Perfusion of alveoli by blood in pulmonary capillaries
  2. O2 to the tissues, CO2 away from tissues
  3. O2 and CO2 carriers (ie- hemoglobin) in the blood and acid-base balance
  4. O2 and CO2 sensors that send information regarding the concentration of gases to the brainstem to modify the respiratory rhythm.
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9
Q

how does oxygen consumption relate to metabolism (increase in speed during a run)

A

increase in oxygen consumption will increase linearly with speed

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10
Q

how does respiratory system regulate the body/blood pH

A
  • CO2 will be broken down by carbonic anhydrase and will end up creating a H+ ion
    • pH will go down and become more acidic
  • opposite is true with oxygen
    • H+ ion will be taken up
    • pH will go up, become more basic
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11
Q

how do animals communicate with the respiratory system

A
  1. sounds
  2. pheromones
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12
Q

Give an example of how the respiratory system’s function can be metabolism

A
  • ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) from pulmonary endothelium converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
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13
Q

what are 2 things ACE generally does in the body?

A
  1. vasoconstriction,
  2. increase blood pressure
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14
Q

How does the respiratory generally provide immune function?

A

provides primary, secondary, and tertiary lines of defense

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15
Q

how does respiratory system provide primary immune function?

A
  • Epithelial lining
  • Mucociliary escalator- defense against inhaled dusts, toxic gases, and infectious agents
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16
Q

how does respiratory system provide second line of defense?

A
  • Nonspecific immunity
    • Neutrophils,
    • Eosinophils,
    • Pulmonary macrophages
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17
Q

how does respiratory system provide the third line of defense?

A

specific immunity

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18
Q

how does respiratory system do thermoregulation

A
  • sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) will increase surface area to help dissipate heat
    • (panting)
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19
Q

what is synonymous with ventilation

A

respiration and breathing

20
Q

Bulk flow of gases into and out of the respiratory tract due to what?

A

due to pressure gradient (high to low pressure)

21
Q

where is oxygens final destination during respiration?

A

eventually transported to the cells and then mitochondria.

22
Q
  1. what happens to oxygen in the mitochondria?
  2. what is a name for this process?
A
  1. The cellular metabolic process by which O2 is taken into the mitochondria,
    • glucose is oxidized to pyruvate,
    • ATP is released,
    • CO2 and oxidized products are released.
  2. Aerobic cellular respiration
23
Q
  1. what are primary respiratory symbols?
    • how are they generally written
  2. secondary?
    • how are they generally written
  3. final symbol?
A
  1. Primary Symbols- Physical quantities are measured,
    • always uppercase
  2. Secondary symbols- Location of the gas or blood
    • can be uppercase or lowercase
  3. final symbol- gas measured
24
Q

What do the following symbols stand for

  1. P
  2. V
  3. S
A
  1. P= Pressure, partial pressure, or tension of a gas
  2. V= Volume of gas
  3. S= Saturation of Hb (hemoglobin) with O2
25
Q

What do the following symbols stand for

  1. F
  2. Q
  3. D
A
  1. F= Fractional concentration of a gas
    • FiO2 is the fraction or percentage of oxygen in the space being measured.
    • Veterinary patients experiencing dyspnea
      • FiO2 of 0.21
      • Oxygen tank FiO2 up to 1.00
  2. Q= Volume of blood
  3. D= Diffusing capacity
26
Q

What do the following symbols stand for

  1. I
  2. E
  3. T
  4. D
A
  1. I inspired gas
  2. E expired gas
  3. T tidal gas
  4. D dead space
27
Q

What do the following symbols stand for

  1. A or alv
  2. L
  3. b
A
  1. A or alv= alveolar gas
  2. L= transpulmonary
  3. b= blood
28
Q

What do the following symbols stand for

  1. a
  2. v
  3. c
  4. c’
A
  1. a= arterial blood
  2. v= venous blood
  3. c= capillary blood
  4. c´= end capillary blood
29
Q

What do the following symbols stand for

  1. aw
  2. pl
A
  1. aw= airway
  2. pl= pleural
30
Q
  1. What does a Dot above the primary symbol represents
  2. Bar above the secondary symbol represents
  3. Prime after the secondary symbol indicates
A
  1. Dot above the primary symbol represents the first measurable quantity with respect to time L/min
  2. Bar above the secondary symbol represents a mean or mixed sample
  3. Prime after the secondary symbol indicates at the “end” of a structure or respiratory maneuver (ie- expiration).
31
Q

What do the conducting airways do? (3 things)

A
  1. Warm air to body temperature
  2. Add water vapor – saturate to 100% humidity
  3. Inhaled substances trapped in mucous
32
Q
  1. as you go down the conducting airways what happens to cross sectional area?
  2. what does this allow?
A
  1. increased cross sectional area
  2. The increase in cross sectional area allows for efficient/adequate delivery of air to the alveoli.
33
Q

what parts of the respiratory tract are the conducting zone?

A

trachea to bronchioles

34
Q

what parts of respiratory tract are the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

35
Q

how are horse lungs generally lobed?

A

Horses do not have many distinct divisions

36
Q

Some species have a bronchus that comes off the trachea before the carina (where trachea bifurcates)

  • Which species?
A
  • Pig,
  • Sheep,
  • Cow
37
Q

what is special about the pig and cow lungs?

A

have an increased amount of interstitial tissue and septa between the small lobules within a lung lobe.

38
Q
  1. what is dead space?
  2. which areas have that?
A
  1. wasted ventilation
  2. Conducting Airways are not perfused with blood and thus are considered dead space
39
Q

what are the 3 types of ead space

A
  1. Equipment (ie- endotracheal tube)
  2. Anatomic dead-space
    • Trachea to Bronchioles
  3. Alveolar dead-space
    • Poor alveolar perfusion
40
Q

what do these stand for

A
41
Q

how do you calculate how much air is breathed per minute?

A
42
Q

what is VD / VT Ratio

A

The fraction of each breath ventilating the dead-space

43
Q

does a small species like a dog have a higher or smaller Vd/Vt ratio compared to a large species (cow, horse)

A

have a smaller Vd/Vt ratio

44
Q

What does the smaller Vd/Vt ratio allow for in a dog?

A

thermoregulation

45
Q
  1. during heat stress what happens to Vt?
    • respiratory rate?
  2. cold stress?
    • respiratory rate?
A
  1. heat stress- Small VT,
    • tachypnea
    • Increase water evaporation and heat loss
  2. Cold stress -Large VT,
    • bradypnea

BMS 334 (Histology) (14 decks)

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