Lecture 8

Question 1

Carbohydrates for Energy

Answer 1

Has 4 Kcal/g
RBC rely only on glucose
Both carbs and fats for energy in daily activities
Glucose important energy for intense exercise

Question 2

Regulating Blood Glucose

Answer 2

[Glucose] in blood regulated by liver and hormones from pancreas
Insulin from pancreas released by high blood glucose
Glucagon from release by low blood glucose

Question 3

Insulin

Answer 3

Made in beta cells of pancreas
Increase glucose uptake by liver and muscle
Stimulate glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle
Lowers blood glucose

Question 4

Insulin and Glucose Transporters

Answer 4

Glucose enters by GLUT2

Insulin causes GLUT4 translocate on to membrane

Question 5

Glucagon

Answer 5

Made by alpha cells in pancreas
Causes breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Stimulates gluconeogensis - AA to glucose
Raises blood glucose

Question 6

Abnormal Blood Glucose

Answer 6

Hypoglycaemia - Low blood glucose

Diabetes - High blood glucose

Question 7

Hypoglycaemia Symptoms

Answer 7

Irritability, nervousness
Sweating
Anxiety, shakiness, rapid heart beat
Hunger, weakness
Headache
Seizure, coma

Question 8

Hypoglycaemia Diagnosis

Answer 8

Have to show low blood glucose with theses symptoms

Question 9

Types of Hypoglycaemia

Answer 9

Overtreatment of diabetes
Reactive hypoglycaemia
Fasting hypoglycaemia

Question 10

Overtreatment of diabetes

Answer 10

Imbalance between insulin/medication and

food/exercise

Question 11

Reactive hypoglycaemia

Answer 11

Response to eating CHO

have small frequent meals, low sugars and high protein fiber

Question 12

Fasting hypoglycaemia

Answer 12

Insulin secreting tumour

Question 13

Diabetes - Symptoms

Answer 13

Excessive thirst
Frequent urination (glucose in urine)
Blurred vision
Frequent infections (skin, vagina, urinary tract)
Poor wound healing
Weight loss
Pain or numbness in feet/legs

Question 14

Types of Diabetes

Answer 14

Type I and 2 Diabetes

Gestational Diabetes

Question 15

Type I Diabetes

Answer 15

Insulin deficiency

Destruction of beta cells by own immune system

Question 16

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 16

Reduced insulin sensitivity / secretion
9% of population
Happens in kids now

Question 17

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 17

High blood glucose during pregnancy

Question 18

Diabetes Complications

Answer 18

Microvascular Disease
Retinopathy (eye damage)
- Happens in both type 1 and 2

Question 19

Diabetes Complications - Micro-vascular Disease

Answer 19

Retinopathy (eye damage)
Nephropathy (kidney failure)
Neuropathy (nerve damage – pain / numbness)

Question 20

Macro-vascular Disease

Answer 20

Heart attack (MI) / heart failure
Stroke
Poor circulation in legs / feet
Infection

Question 21

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 21

Usually in children and adolescents
5-10% of diabetes
Requires insulin injections

Question 22

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 22

Usually in middle-age / elderly people
- 80% of adults overweight or obese
- Seen in children (95% are obese)
Accounts 90-95% of diabetes
Unable to make enough insulin or too much insulin resistance

Question 23

Insulin Sensitivity

Answer 23

Too much glucoses causes too much insulin which leads to insulin resistance

Question 24

Cause of Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 24

Genes

Obesity

Question 25

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 25

Placental hormones causes insulin resistance Pregnant women screened for GDM Treatment to control glucoses reduces acute problems - Not sure of long term

Question 26

Gestational Diabetes Maternal complications

Answer 26

``` Increases risk of: Caesarean delivery Pre-eclampsia Birth Trauma Diabetes after delivery ```

Question 27

Gestational Diabetes Infant complications

Answer 27

Stillbirth, birth defects Macrosomia, shoulder dystocia Diabetes in adulthood