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NFS284 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Path of Nutrients in the body:

A
  1. Digestion and Absorption
  2. Transport throughout body
  3. Metabolism in the cells
  4. Elimination of metabolic wastes
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2
Q

Digestion and Absorption

A

Digestion: The process of breaking food into component parts small enough to be absorbed into the body
Absoprtion: Process of taking substances into the interior of body

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3
Q

Components of Digestive Tract

A

Gastrointestinal tract: a long tube components of this tube
Accessory Organ: aid the digestive process
Look at diagram later

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4
Q

Transit Time

A

Time it takes food to pass length of GI tract
Typically 24-72 hours
Indigestible food: Components will travel full lenght of tract and elimnated in Feces
Digestible Food: Components will enter cells of S.intestine where absorbed
Fibre increases transit time
Unabsorbed dye added to meal and found in feces to measure time

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5
Q

Structure of Gut Wall

A 
Small intestine: Layers of tissues
Lumen: Space inside of the tube of GI tract
Mucosal Cells (Mucosa):
Tissue layer lining the lumen
Absorbs nutrients
Secrete mucus
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6
Q

GI tract and immune function

A

Muscus secreted by cells of digestive tract
Barrier against infectious microbes ingested with food
Barrier unsucessful immune system respond
White blood cells: Phagocytes and Lymphocytes
Immune syste vulnerable to nutrient deficiency

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7
Q

Phagocyctes

A

Respond first to infection
First line of defense
Engulf harmful microbes and present its antigen
Antiben is a protein found on microbe and promotes immune response

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8
Q

Antigens and Antibodies

A

Antigens stimulate production of antibodes
antibodes bind to microbes with the antigen
Easier for phagocytes to detect microbes
Certain types of lymphocytes will bind to infected body cells
Allergy: Proteins in food causes immune response

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9
Q

Mouth

A

Digestion begins in mouth
Breakdown food with saliva and teeth
Saliva lysozyme kills bacteria that cause decay
washes away food particles
Salivary amylase breaks down startch
Epiglottis covers lung opening to prevent choking

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10
Q

Esophagus

A

Connects pharynx to stomach
Persistalsis: Alternating circular and longitudinal contraction
Sphincters: Muscular valves that sperate organs in GI tract

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11
Q

Stomach

A

Specialized cells produce acid to aid muscular structure in mixing
Bolus is mixed with acidic gastic jucies to form semi liquid mixture called chyme
Muscular structure designed to mx

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12
Q

Cells in the lining of the Stomach

A

Gastric pits contrain specialized cells that secrete various products
Parietal cells produce HCL and intrinsic factors to absorb vitamen B12
Chief Cells produce pepsinogen Peopsinogen is activated by HCL to pepsin
Pepsin: active enzyme that breakdown short chain polypeptides

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13
Q

Stomach Regulation by nerves and hormones

A

Sight/smell of food signals the brain
Increased secretion of gastric jucies and increascie muscle activity/gastric motility
Stretching/Distension of stomach muscle signals brain to release gastrin
Gastrin increases gastric secretion and motility

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14
Q

Stomach Regulation by Nerves and Hormones part 2

A

Chyme takes 2-6 hours to enter S.I through the pyloric valve
Distention of intestine causes nerve and hormone signals to the stomach
Causes slow gastric secretion and motility
Chyme enters S.I at controlled rate

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15
Q

Small Intestine

A

Most of Digestion and absorption is here
Structure of S.I. maximizes nutrient absorption by increasing the surface area of intestinal wall to food
Surface area is increase by large surface folds
Folds covered with villi projections

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16
Q

Villi

A

Contain blood and lymphatic vessels (Lacteal)

Nutrients apss from lumen through surface mucosa layer to enter wither vessel for transport

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17
Q

Microvilli, Enterocytes and Brush Border

A

Microvilli/Brush Border:
Same as vill and on the surface of mucosal cells that faces the lumen
Enterocytes:
Mucosal cells with microvilli

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18
Q

Pancreas

A 
Secretes bicabonate ion to neutralize HCL in chyme
Secretes digestive enzyme:
Amylase: Starch Digestion
Proteases: Typsin and chymotrpsin
Lipases: Digestion of triglycerides
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19
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Stores bile that was produced by the liver

Bile emulsify fat, break into small droplets makign it soluble and transportalble

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20
Q

Small Intestine Enzymes

A

Intestinal Juice - water, mucous mixture that mixes chyme and digestive juices
Brush border Enzymes: breaksdown small polypeptides into AA
Digests differernt types of sugars - Lactase, sucrase, Maltase and dextrinase

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21
Q

Hormones in the small intestine

A

When food enters S.I. , secretin and Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secretin simulates secretion of bile from liver to gall bladder and bicarbonate ions by pancreases
CCK Simulates release of bile from gall bladder and digestive enzymes from pancreas

22
Q

Large Intestine

A

Includes colon and rectum
Unasorbed food components from SI enter LI by ileocecal valve
Water and some micronutrients are absrobed
Movement slows down (24 hours in colon, 3-4 hours in SI)

23
Q

Materials not absorbed in Colon

A

excreted as feces
unabsorbed food matter. dead intestinal cells, mucus, bacteria and water
High fiber diets retain water softening feces stopping constipation
Water needs to be consumed with fiber

24
Q

Intestinal microflora

A

Slow moment of food favours growth of bacteria
Bacteria can sometimes breakdown indigestible food components usch as dietary fiber
Fermentaion
Products include intestinal gas

25
Q

Probiotic

A

Live bacteria culture that may be beneficial for health
Added to food like yogourt
Need to be consumer on a basis because they are eilminated quickly

26
Q

Prebiotic

A

Ingestible carbs in fruits and vegetables
Add into food in purified form like inulin
Supports growth of beneficial microflora

27
Q

Canadian Regulations of Pre and Probiotic

A

Require:
claims about calcium and vitamin D
nutrient function clam about role of probiotic in health
specfic name of probiotic used in ingredients

28
Q

Colostrum

A

Breast Milk produced during first week after delivery
Composition varies from mature breast milk
Contains immune factiots to protect infant from infection moslty in the GI tract
Antibodies pass from mother enter colostrum

29
Q

Carbos and Fats in Breast Milk

A

Carbs:
Behave like prebiotics, promote growth of lactobacillus bifidus
Reduce rist of GI infections of infants GI
Lactose
Fats:
Very high, 52%Kcal
Supports very rapid growth rate of newborn

30
Q

Fats

A

Gastric lipases more important in digestion of fat in infants than adults
Pancreatic digestive enzyme to most of fat digestion in adults, present in infants at lower levels

31
Q

Carbohydrates

A

No starch in milk - low amylase in infant gut
Lactase present in large amounts in brush border
Lactase production declines with age - Lactose interlerance

32
Q

Infants and solid food

A

Unable to consume solid food for the first 6 months
Suckling reflex allows them to draw liquid from nipple to back of mouth
Not possible because this reflex will pushes out spoons
Reflex diminhes in 4 to 6 months when teeth start to grow

33
Q

Health Canada recommendations

A

Breast feed until infant is 6 months
Use instant formula if breast feeding not possilbe
Instant forumal designed to immitate breast milk in nutrtion but does not have immune factors
Supplement with vitamin D

34
Q

Study of Exclusive Breast Feeding

A

Breast feeding decreased with age of infant
Breast feeeding survey found:
Mothers with partners breast feed more than single mothers
Non-smoking moms more than smokers
Gave birth at home than at hospital
Nonworking mom compared to working mom

35
Q

Gastric Bypass Surgery

A

Reduce size of stomach
Shorents length of intestines so less food is absorbed
Very effective for weight loss

36
Q

Gastroc Dumping Syndrome

A

Food goes through stomach to S.I. bypassing sphincter
Too much food and it enters SI rapdily
Water moves into lumen because dumped food high in [solute]
Symptoms include dizziness, nausea and diarrhea
Vitamin and minerals regions bypassed and need to be supplemented

37
Q

Water-soluble and Fat-solubule nutrients

A

Water soluble nutriends absorbed from SI and enter Blood stream
Fat soluble nutriends enter lacteal then the blood stream by thoracic duct

38
Q

Transporting Nutrient

A

Transport of nutrient depends on Cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular system is network of vessel in which blood is pumped

39
Q

Capillaries and Veins

A

Capillaries from GI merge into hepatic portal vein
Vein sends water-soluble nutrients absorbed from SI to liver
Nutrients are stored or disturbed through the body

40
Q

Liver

A

Acts as a gatekeeper

Some glucose consumed in a meal to goes to liver for storage lower blood glucose

41
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Main role is to protect body from infection but also absorb
When fat are absorbed they are turned into chylomicrons
Too large to enter capillaries
Enter lacteal instead
Chylomicron drain into larger lymphatic vessel then in to blood steam
Chylomicron go from blood to organs and tissue
Fat is removed to be used by cells
Remains of chylomicrons re called remnants
Remnants enter liver to be metabolized

42
Q

Transport of water and fat soluble nutrient

A

Water Soluble:
S.I. -> Blood Stream -> Hepatic portal Vein -> Liver -> Tissue and organs
Fat Soluble:
S.I. -> Lacteal -> Lymphatic system -> Blood Stream -> Tissue and Organs -> Liver

43
Q

Cellular Components

A

Cell membrane: Selective permeable only allow some compounds entry
Cell nucleus: Contains DNA
Cytosol: Contains organelles including mitochondrion
Mitochondrion: energy generating metabolic reaction occurs here

44
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

Series of reactions that convert compounds from one form into another

45
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

Use energy from ATP and glucose AA and/or Fatty acids to synthesize complex bio molecules

46
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

Breakdown of Glu, AA and fatty acid into smaller molecules
Reactions produce adenosine triphosphate
ATP has high energy bond, broken provides energy for the cell

47
Q

In the mirochrondrion:

A

Cellular respiration produces ATP from glucose, fatty acid or Amino acids
Without O2, glucose can make limited amount of ATP by Glycolysis
With O2 glucose, fatty acids and AA are converted to acetyl CoA
Citric acid cycle breaks down acetyl CoA to produce CO2 and high energy Electrons

48
Q

High Energy Electrons

A

Transfer from 1 compound to another in series of rxns called Electron transport chain releasing energy
Reactions called oxidation-reduction reactions
O2 last E acceptor and turned into water

49
Q

Anabolic Pathways Product

A

Glucose to glycogen, storage form of Carbs
Fatty acids to Triglycerides
Amino Acids to protein

50
Q

4 routes of Elimination

A

Substances not absorbed are excreted in the feces
CO2 is eliminated by the lungs
Water and other waste products are lost through perspiration
Kidneys are major site of excretion
Nitrogenous waste from protein breakdown and other metabolic waste are excreted in urine

NFS284 (8 decks)

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