Lecture 8

Question 1

What are some examples of gram positive bacteria?

Answer 1

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 2

What are some examples of gram negative bacteria?

Answer 2

Campylobacter, salmonella, shigella

Question 3

What is the difference between the structure of gram negative and gram positive bacteria?

Answer 3

Peptidoglycan layer on gram positives

Question 4

What does recognition of LPS and peptidoglycan do?

Answer 4

Bind to toll like receptors

Question 5

how many toll like receptors are there in humans?

Answer 5

10

Question 6

Where can toll like receptors be found (TLR)?

Answer 6

On the surface or internally

Question 7

What is an example of a TLR that can be found on the surface?

Answer 7

TLR4

Question 8

What is an example of TLR that are found intracellualrly?

Answer 8

NOD

Question 9

What do TLR recognise on the pathogen?

Answer 9

PAMPs

Question 10

What do TLR help with?

Answer 10

Help with inflammation, recruits cells and helps with differentiation of B cells and dendritic maturation

Question 11

How can some bacteria escape phagocytosis?

Answer 11

By protective capsules and opsonisation

Question 12

What can a conjugate vaccine help with?

Answer 12

Developing an appropriate immune response

Question 13

Why are antibodies important against bacteria?

Answer 13

For opsonisation

Question 14

What does opsonisation bind?

Answer 14

FC receptors on phagocytes

Question 15

How does the complement system promote inflammation?

Answer 15

C3a and C5a

Question 16

What Does C3b (opsonin) do in the complement system?

Answer 16

Helps with phagocytosis adding another layer of sugar coating to the pathogen

Question 17

What does the membrane attack complex do in the complement system?

Answer 17

Makes a pore in the pathogen and water goes in and bursts the pathogen

Question 18

What is the membrane attack complex important against?

Answer 18

Gram negative bacteria

Question 19

What is the tetanus toxin?

Answer 19

Causes locked jaw and muscle

Question 20

How does bacteria help with the tetanus toxin?

Answer 20

It neutralises the toxins and stops adherence of the mucosal surface

Question 21

What can gram negative bacteria be killed by?

Answer 21

Complement lysis

Question 22

When are bacteria cells most susceptible to the effects of the membrane attack complex?

Answer 22

When they are dividing

Question 23

What bacteria can survive within phagocytes?

Answer 23

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 24

What response is important in situations where the. Bacteria has survived in the phagocytes?

Answer 24

TH1 response

Question 25

What are activated macrophages good at?

Answer 25

Stimulating inflammation

Question 26

What can be found on the surface of macrophages?

Answer 26

MHC 1 and 2

Question 27

What are macrophages central to?

Answer 27

TH1 response

Question 28

What are the two distinct form of leprosy?

Answer 28

Tuberculosis and lepromatous

Question 29

What is tuberculosis leprosy driven by?

Answer 29

TH1 response

Question 30

What type of cells are released in tuberculoid leprosy?

Answer 30

CD4+ cells generate macrophages and cytotoxic cells to be stimulated

Question 31

What is lepromatous leprosy driven by?

Answer 31

TH2 response

Question 32

What does lepromatous leprosy lead to?

Answer 32

Sometimes death

Question 33

What symptoms is involved in leprotamous leprosy?

Answer 33

Extensive skin involvement

Question 34

What are granulomas?

Answer 34

A cluster of white blood cells and other tissues

Question 35

What are T cell effector mechanisms important for protection against?

Answer 35

Intracellular organisms