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Cell And Molecular Biology Of The Immune System > LECTURE 5 > Flashcards

LECTURE 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are naive T cells?

A

CD4+ and CD8+

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2
Q

What do naive T cell do after they exit the thymus?

A

Circulate in the blood passing in secondary lymphoid tissue

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3
Q

What happens if the naive T cells encounter an antigen in the secondary lymphoid areas?

A

They will proliferate

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4
Q

What do CD8+ cells do?

A

Kill infected cells

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5
Q

What do CD4+ cells do?

A

Secrete cytokines

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6
Q

What are naive T cells?

A

They are effector and memory precursor subsets

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7
Q

What cells do T cells recognise antigens on?

A

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

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8
Q

Where are APC found?

A

In the spleen and lymph nodes

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9
Q

What happens if APC are activated in the tissue?

A

They will need to find the infection so where else

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10
Q

What do T cells use to get around?

A

They use the blood and the lymphatics to get around the body

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11
Q

How do T cells enter the lymph node?

A

From the blood via high endothelial venules (HEV)

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12
Q

What is the T cell areas?

A

Is where the T cell is looking for antigens in the secondary lymphoid structures (rich in dendritic cells and macrophages)

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13
Q

What happens if a T cells is not activated?

A

They leave via the cortical sinuses and the process starts the next day till they find an antigen

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14
Q

What happens if a T cell becomes proliferated?

A

It is actively blocked

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15
Q

What do activated T cell differentiate to?

A

Effector cells and exit the lymph node

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16
Q

What does CAM =?

A

Cell adhesion molecules

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17
Q

What do chemokines and chemokines receptors do?

A

Synthesised cells and secrete cells while acting as a signpost

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18
Q

What happens with T cells in relation to chemokines?

A

T cells follow chemokines to look where they need to go

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19
Q

What are CAMs involved in?

A

Involved in holding the cells on the antigen presenting cells

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20
Q

What do CAMs mediate?

A

Cell-cell interactions

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21
Q

What are some examples of cell-cell interactions with CAMS

A

Naive T cell with HEV, T cell with APC, effector T cell with target cell

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22
Q

How do T cells contact APC?

A

Using CAMs

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23
Q

What do TCR do?

A

They scan APC peptides and MHC complexes

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24
Q

What happens if there is no recognition in APC/MHC complexes?

A

Disengages

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25
Q

What happens if there is recognition when the TCR scans APC peptide and MHC complexes?

A

There is a signal from the TCR complex

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26
Q

What are the steps that happen after the signal from TCR complex?

A
  1. Increased affinity of CAM interactions
  2. T cell divides
  3. T cell differentiate to effector cells and exist the lymph nodes
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27
Q

What is the LFA-1?

A

Leukocyte function associated antigen

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28
Q

What is ICAM-1?

A

Intercellular adhesion molecule

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29
Q

What do LFA-1 and ICAM-1 do?

A

Allow to cell to stick together while the decisions are being made

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30
Q

What affinity do T cells need?

A

Medium affinity

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31
Q

What does CD4 interact with?

A

Class II

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32
Q

What do CD8 interact with?

A

Class I

33
Q

What happens once the T cell recognises the peptide on an MHC?

A

It drives a signal to alter and LFA1 binds to ICAM-1 making a better and more secure binding

34
Q

Where does the first signal come from?

A

CD3 complex

35
Q

How many signals does the T cell need to become fully activated?

A

3

36
Q

What is signal 2?

A

CD28 complex

37
Q

What is signal 3?

A

Cytokines

38
Q

Why does T cells need signal 3?

A

To become an effector

39
Q

How does the signal cause an effect?

A

The effector cells recognise the T cells and this is what starts the signal

40
Q

What happens once T cells are activated by 3 signals?

A

They will proliferate and express ICO3 and CTLA-4

41
Q

What does ICOS do?

A

Binds ICOSL on APC to induce cytokine secretion by T cells

42
Q

What does CTLA-4 do?

A

Highly related to CD28 and shows a stronger binding than CD28

43
Q

What does the binding of CTLA-4 do?

A

Delivers a negative signal to the activated T cell

44
Q

What is CTLA-4?

A

It is an antagonist and limits the T cell response

45
Q

What does CTLA-4 bind?

A

B7 and displaces the positive signal from CD28

46
Q

What happens if you have a mutation in CTLA-4?

A

You have an over responsive immune response

47
Q

What are they treating cancer patients with to enhance the immune response?

A

Anti-CTLA-4

48
Q

Where is co-stimulation found?

A

On antigen presenting cells - CD28 and B71

49
Q

What happens when there is activation of APC by pathogens?

A

It induces co-stimulation expression

50
Q

What does the innate immune response do?

A

Upregulates b71/2 to allow for signal 2

51
Q

What is the danger signal?

A

Ability to upregulates co-stimulatory molecules as a consequence of patten recognition receptor engagement

52
Q

How many different signal 3s can happen depending on the effector?

A

3

53
Q

TFG-beta signal 3 =?

A

Treg cells

54
Q

IL-6 signal 3?

A

TFH cells

55
Q

TFG-beta and IL-6 signal 3=?

A

TH17 cells

56
Q

IL-12 and IFN-gamma signal 3?

A

Th1 cells

57
Q

Il-4 signal 3?

A

TH2 cells

58
Q

What are dendritic cells useful for?

A

Activation of naive T cells

59
Q

What do macrophages and B cells do for T cells?

A

Present antigen in order to receive help from effector T cells

60
Q

What are myeloid conventional DC cells also known as?

A

Dendritic cells

61
Q

What are plasmacytoid DC cells helpful for?

A

Viral infection and secrete type 1 alpha and beta interferons

62
Q

What do myeloid conventional cells do?

A

They sense danger as they have pattern recognition receptors

63
Q

What happens once myeloid conventional cells sense danger?

A

They upregulates B7

64
Q

Where are myeloid conventional cells located?

A

They are located in the peripheral sites and migrate to the lymph node which is where T cells are

65
Q

What are examples of myeloid conventional cells?

A

DC(2.3)

66
Q

What is the level of co-stimulatory molecules for DC(2,3)?

A

Very high

67
Q

What do DC(2,3) express?

A

Adhesion molecules

68
Q

What is cross presentation?

A

Some specialised proteins will take up proteins from the outside rather than presenting on class II they do on class I

69
Q

What do macrophages express?

A

They express class II and B7

70
Q

What happens when macrophages are activated by T cells?

A

They secrete inflammatory cytokines

71
Q

Are macrophages good at phagocytosis?

A

Yes

72
Q

Are b cells good at phagocytosis?

A

No

73
Q

What does antigen binding to BCR do?

A

Upregulates B7 (provides signal 2 to activate T cells)

74
Q

What is IL-2?

A

It is a potent autocrine T cell growth factor

75
Q

What happens when IL-2 binds to IL-2R on an activated T cell?

A

Lots of T cell proliferation

76
Q

What does IL-2 allow?

A

Rapid division of T cells, expands population of Ag-specific

77
Q

What is IL-2 a target of?

A

Immunosuppressive drugs e.g. cyclosporine

78
Q

What do effector T cells do?

A

Change expression of adhesion molecules

79
Q

How is CD8 activated?

A

High levels of co-stimulatory activity and directly by infected APCs

Cell And Molecular Biology Of The Immune System (12 decks)

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