Lecture 11 Flashcards
What are the two types of immunity?
Passive and active
What is passive immunity?
Through a mother to a foetus or injecting immunoglobulins from individuals to other individuals
What is active immunity?
Can be naturally acquired to artificially acquired
What is the half life of IgG?
About 3 weeks
What causes passive immunity?
Hypogammaglobulinaemia
What does hypoglobulinaemia mean?
Decrease infants maternal IgG
What cause passive immunity?
The tetanus toxin
What does Active immunity “exploit”?
Memory
What is the secondary response like compared to the first response in active immunity?
Faster, better to respond and better antibodies being produced
What is the protectant immunoglobulin?
IgG
What is the process that improves affinity?
Somatic hyper mutation
What is herd immunity important?
For the individual and the population - disease declines if majority of population is immune
What is the threshold for a disease that needs to be under control?
70-80%
What is measles caused by?
Excessive T cells
What are the more serious cases of measles?
Brian swelling and death
What can serious complications of measles end up with?
Ear infections and pneumonia
When was the MMR vaccine introduced?
1988
What % of the population needs to be immune to prevent outbreaks?
83-94
What do vaccines do?
Introduce a protective response to the pathogen without causing disease
What are the 5 main types of vaccines prior to November?
Inactived, attenuated, subunit, toxoid and conjugate
What is a subunit vaccine?
When there is a fragment of the pathogen
What is a conjugate vaccine?
When a protein is attached to a polysaccharide to help activate T cells and stimulate B cells
What is an example of a subunit vaccine?
Hepatitis b
What is an example of an inactivated vaccine?
Polio vaccine
What has the polio vaccine now been replaced with?
Whooping cough vaccine
What is an example of the attenuated vaccines?
Small pox
How does attenuated vaccines work?
Sugar drops on your tongue
What type of virus is the polio virus?
RNA
What is polio caused by?
Enterovirus, spread through faceo-oral route
How many strains of polio caused signs?
3
Explain subunit vaccines
Small bit of the antigen which is isolated
What is bad about subunit vaccines?
Some people may not respond
What is a type of a conjugated vaccine?
Influenza type B
What is reverse vaccinology?
Used to develop vaccine against neisseria meningitis group B
What are adjuvants?
A booster that is inserted inside a vaccine to enhance a response
What is the depot effect?
Antigens are able to hang round a little longer
What can adjuvants activate?
Dendritic cells via TLRs or NLRs
What can Aduvants cause a release of?
Danger signals
What are recent additional vaccines?
MenB, Men ACWY, influenza and shingles
