Lectue 9

Question 1

What do effector mechanisms depend on?

Answer 1

Type for pathogen, localisation and stage of infection

Question 2

Which MHC molecule would be processed peptides from the microorganisms?

Answer 2

MHC class II (extracellular)

Question 3

Where are MHC class I found?

Answer 3

On all nucleases cells (intracellular)

Question 4

What type response is helpful in the cytoplasmic stage in intracellular?

Answer 4

TH1 response

Question 5

What does the innate immune response in intracellular produce?

Answer 5

NK cells

Question 6

What are some examples of innate defences?

Answer 6

Interferons and NK cells

Question 7

What can viruses be?

Answer 7

Both intracellular and extracellular

Question 8

What do viruses infect?

Answer 8

Host cells

Question 9

What are the types of interferons?

Answer 9

Alpha and beta

Question 10

What does increased levels of interferons do?

Answer 10

Slow the viral replication

Question 11

How do interferons slow down that viral replication within a cell?

Answer 11

By increasing mx proteins, kinase pKR and upregulating the level of MHC class I on the surface

Question 12

What happens when you stimulate NK cells?

Answer 12

Makes them angry and they are more likely to kill virally infected cells

Question 13

What are chemokines?

Answer 13

They are a type of cytokine which tells cell to come to the area and increase the inflammatory response

Question 14

What induces the synthesis of antiviral molecules?

Answer 14

IFNalpha and beta

Question 15

What does IFN induce the synthesis of?

Answer 15

Degrades viral mRNA and inhibits protein synthesis

Question 16

What are type I interferons?

Answer 16

Alpha and beta

Question 17

What are type II interferons?

Answer 17

Gamma

Question 18

What is gamma produced by?

Answer 18

NK cells and T cells

Question 19

What does Type II interferons do?

Answer 19

Inhibits the TH2 response and promotes TH1 and recruits macrophages

Question 20

What can recombinant interferon Alpha be used to treat?

Answer 20

Hepatitis B and C

Question 21

What can be the side effects of using recombinant interferon alpha for hepatitis?

Answer 21

Flu like symptoms

Question 22

What are NK cells a type of?

Answer 22

Innate lymphoid cells

Question 23

What are NK cells?

Answer 23

Large granular lymphocytes

Question 24

What do NK cells recognise?

Answer 24

Viral infectious cells

Question 25

What can NK cells also recognise?

Answer 25

Stress cells in absence of MHC and immunoglobulins

Question 26

How do NK cells kill?

Answer 26

By an extracellular mechanisms - performing and granzyme - which happens very fast

Question 27

What are the two type of receptors for NK cells?

Answer 27

Activating receptors and inhibitory receptors

Question 28

What do activator receptors recognise?

Answer 28

Carbohydrate ligands

Question 29

What do inhibitory recepors recognise?

Answer 29

A motive on the side of MHC

Question 30

What can viruses do?

Answer 30

Can reduce MHC expression

Question 31

What do CD8+ cells recognise?

Answer 31

Viral peptides in the little groove of MHC class I

Question 32

What type of activity do INFgamma have?

Answer 32

Antiviral

Question 33

What are the two mechanisms that cytotoxic T cells use to kill?

Answer 33

Secretion of cytotoxic granules and FAS on the target cell

Question 34

What are microtubules important for?

Answer 34

Targeting the granules on the surface so they can be controlled and released

Question 35

Why is lysis developed?

Answer 35

In lysis

Question 36

What antibodies can protect against flu?

Answer 36

Neuraminidasse and hemagglutinin

Question 37

What is an example of versus specific immunity?

Answer 37

Using antibodies to neutralise free virus

Question 38

What is an example for acquired immunity in viruses?

Answer 38

Antibody and cell mediated immunity

Question 39

What is reduced when cytotoxic T cell responses increase?

Answer 39

Viral shedding

Question 40

How do epidemics arise?

Answer 40

If the vaccine is wrong

Question 41

What is an example of a specific immunity virus?

Answer 41

HIV

Question 42

What does HIV target?

Answer 42

The immune system and attaches macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 43

What does development of HIV lead to?

Answer 43

More infections

Question 44

What is kapsoi’s sarcoma?

Answer 44

Herpes virus x

Question 45

What disease do antibodies not protect?

Answer 45

HIV - if they did then there would be a vaccine

Question 46

Patients with strong CTL have …..

Answer 46

Slower decrease progression

Question 47

Virus mutations IN HIV lead to?

Answer 47

Progression of AIDS

Question 48

What type of RNA virus is sars-cov2?

Answer 48

+ve RNA virus

Question 49

What are some examples of parasites?

Answer 49

Round worms, tape worms and hook worms

Question 50

What are some protective mechanisms from parasites?

Answer 50

Opsonisation, complement lysis and ADCC

Question 51

How does ADCC work (antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity)?

Answer 51

Binds the antibody onto the surface and recognises the FC portion of the antibodies with FC receptors

Question 52

What do helminths induce?

Answer 52

A strong IgE response

Question 53

What are the role of helminths?

Answer 53

Mast cell mediated inflammation

Question 54

What Protozoa can survive in macrophages?

Answer 54

Leishmania

Question 55

What are the different effector mechanisms for malaria?

Answer 55

Sporozoite and merozoite may be susceptible to antibody, antibody may kill infected red blood cells and cytotoxic T clells active against infected liver cells