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Cell And Molecular Biology Of The Immune System > Lectue 9 > Flashcards

Lectue 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What do effector mechanisms depend on?

A

Type for pathogen, localisation and stage of infection

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2
Q

Which MHC molecule would be processed peptides from the microorganisms?

A

MHC class II (extracellular)

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3
Q

Where are MHC class I found?

A

On all nucleases cells (intracellular)

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4
Q

What type response is helpful in the cytoplasmic stage in intracellular?

A

TH1 response

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5
Q

What does the innate immune response in intracellular produce?

A

NK cells

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6
Q

What are some examples of innate defences?

A

Interferons and NK cells

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7
Q

What can viruses be?

A

Both intracellular and extracellular

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8
Q

What do viruses infect?

A

Host cells

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9
Q

What are the types of interferons?

A

Alpha and beta

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10
Q

What does increased levels of interferons do?

A

Slow the viral replication

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11
Q

How do interferons slow down that viral replication within a cell?

A

By increasing mx proteins, kinase pKR and upregulating the level of MHC class I on the surface

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12
Q

What happens when you stimulate NK cells?

A

Makes them angry and they are more likely to kill virally infected cells

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13
Q

What are chemokines?

A

They are a type of cytokine which tells cell to come to the area and increase the inflammatory response

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14
Q

What induces the synthesis of antiviral molecules?

A

IFNalpha and beta

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15
Q

What does IFN induce the synthesis of?

A

Degrades viral mRNA and inhibits protein synthesis

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16
Q

What are type I interferons?

A

Alpha and beta

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17
Q

What are type II interferons?

A

Gamma

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18
Q

What is gamma produced by?

A

NK cells and T cells

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19
Q

What does Type II interferons do?

A

Inhibits the TH2 response and promotes TH1 and recruits macrophages

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20
Q

What can recombinant interferon Alpha be used to treat?

A

Hepatitis B and C

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21
Q

What can be the side effects of using recombinant interferon alpha for hepatitis?

A

Flu like symptoms

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22
Q

What are NK cells a type of?

A

Innate lymphoid cells

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23
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Large granular lymphocytes

24
Q

What do NK cells recognise?

A

Viral infectious cells

25
Q

What can NK cells also recognise?

A

Stress cells in absence of MHC and immunoglobulins

26
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A

By an extracellular mechanisms - performing and granzyme - which happens very fast

27
Q

What are the two type of receptors for NK cells?

A

Activating receptors and inhibitory receptors

28
Q

What do activator receptors recognise?

A

Carbohydrate ligands

29
Q

What do inhibitory recepors recognise?

A

A motive on the side of MHC

30
Q

What can viruses do?

A

Can reduce MHC expression

31
Q

What do CD8+ cells recognise?

A

Viral peptides in the little groove of MHC class I

32
Q

What type of activity do INFgamma have?

A

Antiviral

33
Q

What are the two mechanisms that cytotoxic T cells use to kill?

A

Secretion of cytotoxic granules and FAS on the target cell

34
Q

What are microtubules important for?

A

Targeting the granules on the surface so they can be controlled and released

35
Q

Why is lysis developed?

A

In lysis

36
Q

What antibodies can protect against flu?

A

Neuraminidasse and hemagglutinin

37
Q

What is an example of versus specific immunity?

A

Using antibodies to neutralise free virus

38
Q

What is an example for acquired immunity in viruses?

A

Antibody and cell mediated immunity

39
Q

What is reduced when cytotoxic T cell responses increase?

A

Viral shedding

40
Q

How do epidemics arise?

A

If the vaccine is wrong

41
Q

What is an example of a specific immunity virus?

A

HIV

42
Q

What does HIV target?

A

The immune system and attaches macrophages and dendritic cells

43
Q

What does development of HIV lead to?

A

More infections

44
Q

What is kapsoi’s sarcoma?

A

Herpes virus x

45
Q

What disease do antibodies not protect?

A

HIV - if they did then there would be a vaccine

46
Q

Patients with strong CTL have …..

A

Slower decrease progression

47
Q

Virus mutations IN HIV lead to?

A

Progression of AIDS

48
Q

What type of RNA virus is sars-cov2?

A

+ve RNA virus

49
Q

What are some examples of parasites?

A

Round worms, tape worms and hook worms

50
Q

What are some protective mechanisms from parasites?

A

Opsonisation, complement lysis and ADCC

51
Q

How does ADCC work (antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity)?

A

Binds the antibody onto the surface and recognises the FC portion of the antibodies with FC receptors

52
Q

What do helminths induce?

A

A strong IgE response

53
Q

What are the role of helminths?

A

Mast cell mediated inflammation

54
Q

What Protozoa can survive in macrophages?

A

Leishmania

55
Q

What are the different effector mechanisms for malaria?

A

Sporozoite and merozoite may be susceptible to antibody, antibody may kill infected red blood cells and cytotoxic T clells active against infected liver cells

Cell And Molecular Biology Of The Immune System (12 decks)

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