Lecture 10 Flashcards
What is the sandfly vector for?
Leishmania
What is the tsetse fly for?
Trypansoma app
What is the percentage of the type of malaria that can be life threatening?
50%
Why is it so hard to create a vaccine against malaria?
Due to different immune responses at different stages
What are the cytotoxic T cells active against in malaria?
Infected liver cells
What are the 4 different evasion mechanisms?
Concealment of antigens, antigenic variation, immunosupression and interference with effector mechanisms
What are examples of concealment of antigens?
Privileged sites and uptake of host molecules
What are areas of the body that contain privileged sites?
Brain, testes, eyes and CNS
What is the cloaking effecting (uptake of host cells)?
Takes on the host molecules and cloaks itself so you can’t see the antigen
What is an example of a disease in privileged sites?
Chicken pox
What is an example of a disease in the cloaking effect?
Schistosomes
Where can viruses stay dormant?
In the ganglion
What is an example of a virus staying dormant in the ganglion?
Herpes
What are examples of antigenic variation?
Mutation, recombination and gene switching
What is a type of antigenic type?
Streptococcus pneumonia
Mutations (antigen drift example)?
Flu, HIV, polio
Recombination (antigenic SHIFT)?
Flu
Gene switching example?
Trypansosomes
What does streptococcus pneumonia cause?
Middle ear infection, meningitis and respiratory infections
What is gram positive bacteria surrounded by?
A capsule which is a polysaccharide
What does the polysaccharide help?
Protects the pathogen from by phagocytosed by macrophages and neutrophils
What can be added to the polysaccharide?
Antibodies
How many different types of capsular types are there?
91
How many different types of subunits of capsular polysaccharide does a vaccine have?
23
What are the two types of vaccines for streptococcus pneumonia?
Pneumovax and prevnar 13
What is the streptococcus vaccine not effective in?
Children under 2 and people who are immunosupressed
What type of vaccine is pneumovax?
Polysaccharide vaccine - contains 23 capsules
What type of vaccine is prevnar 13?
Conjugated vaccine - contains 13 capsules, protein is diphtheria toxoid
What is going to protect people from the meningitis and middle east infections?
The antibodies on the polysaccharide
Can the prevnar vaccine be given to young children?
Yes as they have the different protein instead of making the antibodies for the polysaccharide
What type of viruses is the influenza virus?
RNA with a negative sense genome
What can the influenza virus infect?
Humans, birds and animas
What are the major surface antigens in the influenza virus?
Haemaglgutin and neuraminidase
What can the influenza virus undergo?
Antigenic drift and antigenic shift
What does antigenic drift =
Mild epidemics
What does antigenic shift =
Major pandemics
What happens in antigenic drift?
Antibodies with hemagglutin block the host cells by neutralisation
What is trypanosoma?
African sleeping sickness
What are the symptoms of the parasite Trypansoma?
Tiredness and headache
What does the Typansoma correlate with?
Changes in the major surface antigen
What causes the change in the main surface antigen?
Genetic rearrangement
What is the area that is changing called?
Variant specific glycoproteins
What is a classical example of immunosuppressive disease?
HIV
What is another way you can get immunsupression apart from infection of immune cells?
Induction of regulatory T cells
What is example of induction of regulatory T cells?
Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori
What cytokine do T regs make?
IL-10
What is the transcription factor that T regs express?
FOXP3
What biomarkers to T regs express?
CD4 and CD25
What do T regs suppress?
Differentiation and proliferation of tH1 and tH2 cells
What is Helicobacter pylori?
A gram negative bacteria
What does it cause?
Gastric and duodenal ulcers
Where can leishmania hide?
Macrophages
What can leishmania increase?
Expression of T reg cells
What type of virus is the measles virus?
RNA
What do measles infect?
Dendritic cells
What to infected dendritic cells show?
Increased apoptosis, decreased stimulation of T cells and decreases IL-12 production
What does the dendritic cell act as?
A messenger between the innate and adaptive immune response
What does streptococcus pneumonia make?
An IgA protease which chops and breaks down IgA
What can small pox bind?
Cytokines
What is the Epstein Barr virus?
Causes glandular fever
What does Epstein Barr virus suppress?
TH1 and TH2
What stops the fusion of the phagosome and lysosomes within the cytoplasm?
Tuberculosis
Where is LPS found? And what does it induce?
Gram negative bacteria and induces cytokine secretion = IL-1 and TNFalpha
What are the systemic effects of the innate system?
Fever, endotoxic shock and cytokine storms
What does it mean if there is a systemic infection?
Cytokine release, sepsis and leads to death
What plays a role in initiating autoimmune responses?
Microbes
What type of disease is EBOLA?
Enveloped non-segmented negative stranded RNA
What is the high fatality rate of EBOLA?
70%
What does EBOLA infect?
Dendritic cells and macrophages
What does Ebola interfere with?
Type 1 interferons
