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Cell And Molecular Biology Of The Immune System > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sandfly vector for?

A

Leishmania

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2
Q

What is the tsetse fly for?

A

Trypansoma app

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3
Q

What is the percentage of the type of malaria that can be life threatening?

A

50%

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4
Q

Why is it so hard to create a vaccine against malaria?

A

Due to different immune responses at different stages

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5
Q

What are the cytotoxic T cells active against in malaria?

A

Infected liver cells

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6
Q

What are the 4 different evasion mechanisms?

A

Concealment of antigens, antigenic variation, immunosupression and interference with effector mechanisms

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7
Q

What are examples of concealment of antigens?

A

Privileged sites and uptake of host molecules

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8
Q

What are areas of the body that contain privileged sites?

A

Brain, testes, eyes and CNS

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9
Q

What is the cloaking effecting (uptake of host cells)?

A

Takes on the host molecules and cloaks itself so you can’t see the antigen

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10
Q

What is an example of a disease in privileged sites?

A

Chicken pox

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11
Q

What is an example of a disease in the cloaking effect?

A

Schistosomes

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12
Q

Where can viruses stay dormant?

A

In the ganglion

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13
Q

What is an example of a virus staying dormant in the ganglion?

A

Herpes

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14
Q

What are examples of antigenic variation?

A

Mutation, recombination and gene switching

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15
Q

What is a type of antigenic type?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

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16
Q

Mutations (antigen drift example)?

A

Flu, HIV, polio

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17
Q

Recombination (antigenic SHIFT)?

A

Flu

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18
Q

Gene switching example?

A

Trypansosomes

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19
Q

What does streptococcus pneumonia cause?

A

Middle ear infection, meningitis and respiratory infections

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20
Q

What is gram positive bacteria surrounded by?

A

A capsule which is a polysaccharide

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21
Q

What does the polysaccharide help?

A

Protects the pathogen from by phagocytosed by macrophages and neutrophils

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22
Q

What can be added to the polysaccharide?

A

Antibodies

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23
Q

How many different types of capsular types are there?

A

91

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24
Q

How many different types of subunits of capsular polysaccharide does a vaccine have?

A

23

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25
Q

What are the two types of vaccines for streptococcus pneumonia?

A

Pneumovax and prevnar 13

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26
Q

What is the streptococcus vaccine not effective in?

A

Children under 2 and people who are immunosupressed

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27
Q

What type of vaccine is pneumovax?

A

Polysaccharide vaccine - contains 23 capsules

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28
Q

What type of vaccine is prevnar 13?

A

Conjugated vaccine - contains 13 capsules, protein is diphtheria toxoid

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29
Q

What is going to protect people from the meningitis and middle east infections?

A

The antibodies on the polysaccharide

30
Q

Can the prevnar vaccine be given to young children?

A

Yes as they have the different protein instead of making the antibodies for the polysaccharide

31
Q

What type of viruses is the influenza virus?

A

RNA with a negative sense genome

32
Q

What can the influenza virus infect?

A

Humans, birds and animas

33
Q

What are the major surface antigens in the influenza virus?

A

Haemaglgutin and neuraminidase

34
Q

What can the influenza virus undergo?

A

Antigenic drift and antigenic shift

35
Q

What does antigenic drift =

A

Mild epidemics

36
Q

What does antigenic shift =

A

Major pandemics

37
Q

What happens in antigenic drift?

A

Antibodies with hemagglutin block the host cells by neutralisation

38
Q

What is trypanosoma?

A

African sleeping sickness

39
Q

What are the symptoms of the parasite Trypansoma?

A

Tiredness and headache

40
Q

What does the Typansoma correlate with?

A

Changes in the major surface antigen

41
Q

What causes the change in the main surface antigen?

A

Genetic rearrangement

42
Q

What is the area that is changing called?

A

Variant specific glycoproteins

43
Q

What is a classical example of immunosuppressive disease?

A

HIV

44
Q

What is another way you can get immunsupression apart from infection of immune cells?

A

Induction of regulatory T cells

45
Q

What is example of induction of regulatory T cells?

A

Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori

46
Q

What cytokine do T regs make?

A

IL-10

47
Q

What is the transcription factor that T regs express?

A

FOXP3

48
Q

What biomarkers to T regs express?

A

CD4 and CD25

49
Q

What do T regs suppress?

A

Differentiation and proliferation of tH1 and tH2 cells

50
Q

What is Helicobacter pylori?

A

A gram negative bacteria

51
Q

What does it cause?

A

Gastric and duodenal ulcers

52
Q

Where can leishmania hide?

A

Macrophages

53
Q

What can leishmania increase?

A

Expression of T reg cells

54
Q

What type of virus is the measles virus?

A

RNA

55
Q

What do measles infect?

A

Dendritic cells

56
Q

What to infected dendritic cells show?

A

Increased apoptosis, decreased stimulation of T cells and decreases IL-12 production

57
Q

What does the dendritic cell act as?

A

A messenger between the innate and adaptive immune response

58
Q

What does streptococcus pneumonia make?

A

An IgA protease which chops and breaks down IgA

59
Q

What can small pox bind?

A

Cytokines

60
Q

What is the Epstein Barr virus?

A

Causes glandular fever

61
Q

What does Epstein Barr virus suppress?

A

TH1 and TH2

62
Q

What stops the fusion of the phagosome and lysosomes within the cytoplasm?

A

Tuberculosis

63
Q

Where is LPS found? And what does it induce?

A

Gram negative bacteria and induces cytokine secretion = IL-1 and TNFalpha

64
Q

What are the systemic effects of the innate system?

A

Fever, endotoxic shock and cytokine storms

65
Q

What does it mean if there is a systemic infection?

A

Cytokine release, sepsis and leads to death

66
Q

What plays a role in initiating autoimmune responses?

A

Microbes

67
Q

What type of disease is EBOLA?

A

Enveloped non-segmented negative stranded RNA

68
Q

What is the high fatality rate of EBOLA?

A

70%

69
Q

What does EBOLA infect?

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

70
Q

What does Ebola interfere with?

A

Type 1 interferons

Cell And Molecular Biology Of The Immune System (12 decks)

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