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Anatomy Exam 1 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what are common variations in vertebral column

A

lumbarization of S1 (lumbar takes a sacral)

sacralization of L5 (sacral takes lumbar)

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2
Q

what is spina bifida and it’s outcome

A

a birth defect in which a developing baby’s spinal cord fails to develop properly

(where the spinal cord protrudes and is only protected my skin)

spinous process is gone

normally in lower vertebra

outcome = paralysis

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3
Q

what is brachydactyly

A

brachy = short & dactyl = finger or toes

short fingers and congenital (born with it)

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4
Q

what is polydactyly

A

poly = many

dactyly = fingers or toes

extra digits

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5
Q

what is syndactyly

A

syn = fused

dactyly = digits

fingers or toes are fused together

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6
Q

what is polymelia

A

poly = many

melia =limbs

extra appendages (arms or legs)

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7
Q

what is sirenomelia

A

siren = mermaid

melia = limbs

fusion of lower limbs like a MERMAID

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8
Q

what is phocomelia

A

melia = limbs

absence of long bones in the limbs

digits are there but no arm

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9
Q

what is meromelia

A

melia = limbs

absence of limb segments (hands or forearm)

just a nub

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10
Q

what is amelia

A

a = without

melia = limbs

complete absence of limbs

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11
Q

what is talipes equinovarus

A

club foot

distorted ankle/foot due to limb position in uterus

extreme INVERSION of the feet

umbilical cord can get wrapped around foot/leg and kill it

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12
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

hydro = water

ceph = head

too much fluid in the brain

ossification does not keep pace with expansion of the head

will not survive adulthood if pressure is not relieved

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13
Q

what is microcephalus

A

micro = small

ceph = head

head is smaller than normal and brain is underdeveloped

cause of zika virus

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14
Q

what is anencephalus

A

a = without

baby born with an underdeveloped brain and incomplete skull

basically born without a brain

smaller than microcephalus

they do not survive

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15
Q

what is craniosynostosis

A

premature sutural fusion

leads to variety of skull deformities

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16
Q

what are different types of craniosynostosis

A

scaphocephaly

brachycephaly

acrocephaly

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17
Q

what is scaphocephaly

A

scapho = boat

ceph = head

elongated head because sagittal suture prematurely ossified

18
Q

what is brachycephaly

A

similar to scaphocephaly but instead of elongated the skull is widened

19
Q

what is acrocephaly

A

when fontanels grow towards one another at a fast rate

little kids wear helmets to shape their skull to normal size

20
Q

achondroplasia

A

a = without

chondr = cartilage

plasia = growth

cartilage in brain case/long bones do not grow correctly

long bones won’t develop as they should therefore all of the limbs are short

21
Q

what is cleft palate and facial cleft

A

openings or splits in the roof of the mouth and lip

facial bones fail to fuse together correctly

22
Q

what is madibulofacial dystosis (MFD)

A

family of gross malformations (dysplasias) of face/throat

23
Q

what is microstomia

A

micro = small

stomia = mouth

small mouth

*MFD

24
Q

what is microtia?

A

an incompletely formed ear

*MFD

25
Q

what is anotia

A

a= without
when the external ear is missing completely

*MFD

26
Q

what is hemifacial microsomia

A

hemi = half

when one half of the face is underdeveloped and does not grow normally

MFD

27
Q

what are malformations of the jar/ear

A

microstomia

microtia

anotia

hemifacial microsomia

28
Q

what is treacher collins syndrome

A

inherited condition where some bones and tissues in the face aren’t developed

dysplasias of the ear maxilla and mandible

MFD

29
Q

what is pierre robin syndrome

A

congenital birth defect characterized by an underdeveloped jaw

dysplasias of ear/eye, mandible is basically gone, cleft palate

30
Q

hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism, acromegaly are all what

A

growth errors

31
Q

what is hyperpituitarism

A

giants (hyper = over) over everyone

having an overreactive pituitary gland

excessive growth hormone DURING puberty

PROPORTIONAL

32
Q

what is hypopituitarism

A

dwarfs (hypo = under or below) below everyone

insufficient growth hormone

hormones are LESS than what they should be

DURING puberty

PROPORTIONAL

33
Q

what is acromegaly

A

excessive growth hormone AFTER puberty

growth hormone keeps growing and growing

DISPROPORTIONATE

a after

34
Q

what influences the maintenance of bone mass

A

exercise

diet (vitamin C and A)

skin (absorbs vitamin D)

35
Q

what primates do not produce their own vitamin C

A

humans

36
Q

what elements is vitamin D associated with

A

calcium and phosphate

37
Q

what is scurvy

A

a vitamin C deficiency

causing weak brittle bones

38
Q

what is rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency

weak flexible bones

39
Q

what is gout

A

urate crystal accumulation in synovial cavity

inflammation of joint

mostly attacks feet

40
Q

degradation of the bone matrix leads to

A

kyphosis

scoliosis

compression fractures

Anatomy Exam 1 (8 decks)

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