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Anatomy Exam 1 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 basic components of connective tissue

A
  1. highly specialized cells
  2. non-cellular matrix
  3. extra cellular fibers produced by themselves
    • collagen based = provide strength and flexible
    • elastin based = provide elasticity
    • reticular fibers = provide structure for soft tissue.
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2
Q

what are the 4 PROPER connective tissues

A
  1. loose CT
  2. dense regular CT
  3. dense irregular CT
  4. elastic CT
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3
Q

what is loose connective tissue & it’s subcategories

A

fills spaces between organs

adipose = FAT. fat is a connective tissue

reticular: fibrous mesh: slows things down and found in LYMPH NODES & BONE MARROW

areolar: fibrous mesh: slimy stuff between fascia and underlies epithelia

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4
Q

what is dense regular connective tissue
found in?
fibers run?

A

have TENSILE STRENGTH which resists pulling forces in one direction

HAS to be strong in 1 direction

found in tendons and ligaments

fibers rub PARALLEL

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5
Q

what is dense irregular connective tissue
provides what?
wrapped around what?
pull in what direction?
fibers are?

A

provides STRENGTH

capable of multidirectional tension

wrapped around BONES and ORGANS

needs to be pulled in all directions

fibers are CHAOTIC

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6
Q

what does periosteum mean

A

a dense layer of vascular CT around the BONES

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7
Q

what does peritoneum mean

A

the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covers the ORGANS

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8
Q

what is elastic connective tissue

fibers run?

A

fiber directions mostly STRAIGHT

very stretchy

lots of flexibility

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9
Q

what are 3 different CONNECTIVE tissues

A

proper connective tissues (4)

supporting connective tissues

fluid based connective tissues

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10
Q

types of SUPPORTING connective tissue

A

bone and cartilage

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11
Q

types of FLUID BASED connective tissues

A

blood and lymph

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12
Q

how much % of body weight is your skin

A

15%

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13
Q

what are the 7 functions of skin

A
  1. protection from abrasion/chemicals/pathogens
  2. prevention of water loss and temp regulation
  3. synthesis of vitamin D (Ca, P)
  4. sensory reception (pressure/pain)
  5. communication of emotions (blushing/dogs hair/goosebumps)
  6. storage of fat - insulation
  7. excretion of water, electrolytes, and drugs
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14
Q

3 layers of the skin

A

epidermis (on top)

dermis (middle)

hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) - bottom

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15
Q

4 proteins of the skin and what they do

A

collagen - gives support

keratin - hair/fingernails

melanin - skin color

carotene - skin pigment but we have to eat it. we don’t produce it

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16
Q

5 layers of the epidermis

A

(Cute Ladies Get Sweet Guys)

  1. stratum corneum - dead cells - top
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum germinativum
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17
Q

what are epidermal ridges

A

fingertips

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18
Q

what factors affect skin color and why

A

blood - pink tinge - bright red- gives us color

carotene - vegetable pigment (carrots)

melanin - pigment granules in epidermis - the # of type of cells varies pigment which means different color

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19
Q

what is melanoma

A

a type of skin cancer which develops from the cells melanocytes that control pigment of the skin

(from UV light exposure)

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20
Q

what layer of skin is the thickest part

A

dermis

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21
Q

what fibers are in the dermis

A

elastic, reticular, collagen

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22
Q

what does the dermis contain

A

blood vessels, lymph, nerve endings, sweat glands

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23
Q

what the dermis’ 2 layers

A

papillary layer - distorts the overlying epidermis (finger tips)

reticular layer - strength - supports BVs, lymph, nerve endings and glands

24
Q

what does the hypodermis contain

A

(subcutaneous layer)

contains blood vessels

directly above muscle

a lot of fat

25
Q

what are some accessory structures of the skin

A

hair

nails

glands

(all are composites of dermis and epidermis)

26
Q

what are the parts of the nail

A

hyponychium = free-edge = the nail hanging over finger

eponychium = cuticle = stratum corneum

lunula = the white part of nail by cuticle

nail root = point of growth

27
Q

true or false

as the nail goes into the finger, the epidermis is still wrapped around it (along with hair)

A

true

28
Q

why is a hair follicle lubricated by a sebaceous gland?

A

it keeps the hair follicle most and protects it

29
Q

what is arrector pilli m

A

goosebumps

30
Q

which structure of the hair cell is mitotically active

A

hair bulb

31
Q

what cells does the hair bulb produce

A

keratinized cells which gives the hair shaft

32
Q

is hair alive

A

NO

33
Q

what does hair act as

A

a filter

perception

sensitivity

protection

retains heat

34
Q

what are the 2 types of hair

A

vellus (peach fuzz) covers most of body

terminal (all other) head, body, eyebrows, eyelashes - thick

35
Q

what is androgenetic

A

pattern baldness

36
Q

what is alopecia

A

don’t have hair anywhere

37
Q

what is hirsutism

A

women having facial hair

38
Q

what is hypertrichosis

A

more hair than normal

39
Q

what are the 2 basic types of glands

A

endocrine & exocrine

40
Q

what do endocrine glands do

A

release cell products directly into intercellular fluid and/or blood supply

inside the body and the products they create are going to deliver their product BACK INTO the body

eNDocrine = NoDuct

41
Q

what are exocrine glands

A

secretions releases from the epithelial surface into small ducts that empty to the lumen of the GI tract or skin surface

starts in the body somewhere and uses a DUCT to get its product out

delivers product outside of body (GI tract is still considered outside = donut)

EXocrine = exit through a duct

42
Q

what are the 3 MECHANISMS of exocrine gland secretion

A

merocrine glands

apocrine glands

holocrine glands

43
Q

what are merocrine glands

A

a type of exocrine gland in which the secretory products are released without resulting in any damage to the cell

salivary glands & sweat glands

continually produce their products
- tears and saliva never shut off

no odor

44
Q

what are appocrine glands

A

a type of exocrine gland where just the TOP of the cell breaks off and then goes into solution wherever it’s going to go

activated at PUBERTY

ARMPIT & GENITAL REGION

odor to it

release SOME products and SOME of the cell

45
Q

what are holocrine glands

A

exocrine gland where cell fragments and cell products are released together from the gland

cells must be replaced by mitosis

example: SEBACEOUS GLAND AKA OILS

release ALL products and ALL cells

46
Q

what are the 5 TYPES of exocrine glands

A

merocrine sweat glands (palms, soles, most of body)

apocrine sweat glands (pheromone and odorous sweat)

mammary glands (milk)

ceruminous glands (ear wax)

sebaceous glands (oil)

47
Q

what exocrine mechanism is utilized by mammary glands

A

apocrine & merocrine

48
Q

what exocrine mechanism is utilized by ceruminous glands

A

apocrine & holocrine

49
Q

what exocrine mechanism is utilized by sebaceous glands?

A

holocrine

50
Q

what is rosacea

A

red cheeks

sebaceous gland hyperplasia

inflammation of sebaceous gland gives rosy cheek appearance

51
Q

what is cyanosis

A

deficiency of oxygen

bluish tint to thin skin (lips, gums)

52
Q

what is an ulcer

A

localized shedding of the epithelium

53
Q

what is a decubitis ulcer

A

on bed rest = pressure to skin = no movement for long periods of time = chronic lack of blood supply = kills cells and causes sores

54
Q

what are wrinkles

A

collagen/ elastic fibers damaged by chemicals/UV rays

SHREDDED collagen/elastic fibers cause stretch marks where the skin expands in short period of time

55
Q

what is folliculitis

A

bacteria in hair follicle that causes inflammation

56
Q

what is seborrheic dermatitis

A

dandruff

inflammation of over-active sebaceous glands

Anatomy Exam 1 (8 decks)

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