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BIOL 3450 > Lecture 7b > Flashcards

Lecture 7b Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hydrological Cycle:

A

A biochemical cycle that involves the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth

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2
Q

What contributes to Mass Balance?

A

Precipitation vs. Evaporation

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3
Q

What Contributes to Lakes? (3)

A
  1. Atmosphere
  2. Lakes
  3. Groundwater
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4
Q

What does the Atmosphere Contribute to Lakes?

A
  • Gases: N2, CO2, O2
  • Nutrients: N, P
  • Precipitation
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5
Q

What does the Watershed Contribute to Lakes:

A
  • dissolved minerals from rivers
  • changing concentrations of solutes (when water flows over limestone (primarily CaCO3) will contain a high [ ] of Calcium (Ca 2+) and bicarbonate (HCO3 -)
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6
Q

What does the Groundwater Contribute to Lakes:

A
  • Nutrients: N, P
  • Toxins
  • CO2
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7
Q

Change in Chemistry Caused by Lake Age:

A
  • Certain ions decline with time due to biology and chemistry
  • Other chemical factors increase with time due to watershed
  • Some nutrients remain constant through time
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8
Q

Salts: Dissolved Solids - Consist of a Few Salts (11)

A
  1. Carbonates
  2. Sulfates
  3. Calcium
  4. Magnesium
  5. Sodium
  6. Potassium Chlorides
  7. Silicic acids
  8. Nitrates
  9. Phosphate compounds
  10. Iron
  11. Manganese compounds
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9
Q

Salts: Dissolved Solids - Consist of a Few Salts (Major) (7)

A
  1. Carbonates
  2. Sulfates
  3. Calcium
  4. Magnesium
  5. Sodium
  6. Potassium Chlorides
  7. Silicic Acid
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10
Q

Salts: Dissolved Solids - Consist of a Few Salts (Minor) (4)

A
  1. Nitrates
  2. Phosphate compounds
  3. Iron
  4. Manganese compounds
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11
Q

Salts: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) - how they are done:

A
  • Evaporation (100 - 200 mg/L)
  • Endorheic Lakes (10^5 mg/L)
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12
Q

Salts: Inorganic Components:

A

Via loss on ignition (total = organic + inorganic)

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13
Q

Salts: Specific Conductivity (μS/cm)

A
  • Based on ion strength of the water
  • Conductivity = TDS x 0.65 (for normal waters)
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14
Q

Salts: Hardness

A

Sum of Ca + Mg (+Fe)

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15
Q

Salts: Temporary Hardness

A

= hardness + HCO3 + CO3
Loss when boiling + scale

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16
Q

Salts: Permanent Hardness

A

Hardness + SO4 + Cl + PO4

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17
Q

What are Endorheic Basins

A
  • Water drains into a basin without an outlet
  • When evaporation > precipitation, dissolved salt accumulate and precipitate
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18
Q

Gasses: Dissolved Gasses

A
  • O2, CO2, and N2
  • CO2 and N2 are important for processing through nutrient cycling
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19
Q

Gasses: Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN)

A
  • Microbe dependent from N2 found in the atmosphere
  • N2 can be fixed by lightning or certain diazotrophs in soil and/or water
  • DIN = NO2 + NO3 + NH3 in water
  • Certain DIN is used by primary producers as N is needed for building proteins
  • Can be limiting under certain conditions, and co-limitation with P
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20
Q

Gasses: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC)

A
  • Is pH dependent and CaCO3 may be present in bedrock
  • CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3 + H+ <-> CO3 + H+ + Ca <-> CaCO3
  • Certain DIC is used by primary producers; CO2 is respired by all organisms
  • Can be limiting under static and/or high pH conditions
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21
Q

Acidic Lake Water: CO2 between 4 - 6 pH (Componds)

A
  • High in H2CO3 and CO2
  • Low HCO3 -
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22
Q

Most Lake Water: CO2 between 6 - 9.5 pH (Componds)

A
  • High HCO3 -
  • Low H2CO3 and CO2
  • H2CO3 and CO2 become CO3 2-
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23
Q

Alkaline Lake Water: CO2 between 9.5 - 12 pH (Componds)

A
  • Low HCO3 -
    and loses HCO3 -
  • High CO3 2-
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24
Q

Process of Lake Whiting:

A
  • Following intense photosynthesis and
  • pH increases and CaCO3 precipitates
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25
Q

Lake Water: Dissolved O2 (DO)

A

The single most important biologically relevant constituent of water that dictates biological activity and/or potential

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26
Q

O2 Saturation:

A

The amount of DO that can be held by water in equilibrium with the atmosphere at a particular 1. Temp, 2. Pressure, 3. Salinity

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27
Q

Subsaturated Waters

A

Are < DO saturation

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28
Q

Supersaturated Waters

A

Are > DO saturation

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29
Q

How Does O2 Diffuses:

A

high to low [ ] from the surface to the waters below and the rate is limited by the density and viscosity of water

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30
Q

What does O2 Diffusion Rate depend on (Other than [ ])

A

The rate is limited by the density and viscosity of water

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31
Q

How Can O2 Mix in Water

A

By turbulence and currents, and wind-driven spray can lead to supersaturation

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32
Q

What is O2 Introduction a Byproduct of?

A

Non-cycling photophosphorylation

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33
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

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34
Q

What is Anoxia?

A

An absence of oxygen

35
Q

Lake Structure: Stratification (Isothermal Conditions)

A

Well mixed with circulation throughout the water column

36
Q

Lake Structure: Stratification (Thermal Conditions)

A
  • More buoyancy
  • Lack of Mixing (decreased inertia)
  • Both lead to density stratification
37
Q

What is the Epilimnion Layer of Water in the Column?

A
  • Is in contact with atmosphere and well mixed
  • Air-water
38
Q

What is the Metalimnion Layer of Water in the Column?

A
  • Is the Barrier between the epi and hypolimnion layers
  • Internal wave movement
  • Thermocline (HOD and SOD)
39
Q

What is the Hypolimnion Layer of Water in the Column?

A
  • Is isolated with compounds from isothermal + sediment + biology
  • Sediments
40
Q

Components of Epilimnion:

A
  • Warm
  • Low density
  • Surface waters
  • Well mixed energetic atmospheric contact
41
Q

Components of Metalimnion:

A
  • Zone of rapid tem change
  • Location of internal wave movement
42
Q

Components of Hypolimnion:

A
  • Cold
  • High-density
  • Deep waters
  • Isolated from atmos
  • Contact with sediments
43
Q

Thermal and Chemical Seasonal Stratification (Winter):

A
  • Surface Ice reduced O2 diffusion into surface waters
  • Potential for O2 from ice algae
  • Cold water creates increased O2
44
Q

Thermal and Chemical Seasonal Stratification (Summer):

A
  • O2 content set at the onset of stratification
  • Decline in O2 reflects uptake by decomposers inhibiting benthic zone (HOD and SOD)
45
Q

What is HOD Stand for?

A

Hypolimnetic Oxygenation Demand

46
Q

What is SOD Stand for?

A

Sediment Oxygen Demand

47
Q

What does Hypolimnetic Oxygen Demand (HOD) do?

A
  1. OM from the epilimnion (function (P load))
  2. Time since onset of stratification
  3. Volume and hypolimnion
  4. Temperature
48
Q

What does Sediment Oxygen Demand (SOD) do?

A
  1. Temp
  2. Nutrient levels
  3. DO in the overlying water
  4. Velocity of the water
49
Q

How Does Hypoxia Occur?

A

If HOD + SOD approaches DO in the hypolimnion

50
Q

How does Anoxia Occur?

A

Occurs if HOD + SOD exceeds DO in the hypolimnion

51
Q

Different Lake Trophic Statuses?

A
  • Oligotrophic
  • Mesotrophic
  • Eutrophic
52
Q

Oligotrophic Lake Status:

A
  • Clear water
  • Low nutrient (especially P) input
  • Low SA:Vol
  • Low algal and macrophyte OM production and accumulation leads to cold hypolimnion with high DO below metalimnion
53
Q

Mesotrophic Lake Status:

A
  • Moderately clear water
  • Medium levels of nutrient input
  • Intermediate SA:Vol
  • moderate algal and macrophyte OM production and accumulation leads to cool hypolimnion with moderate DO
54
Q

Eutrophic Lake Status:

A
  • High [algal]
  • Receives high nutrients (N and P)
  • Low DO
  • Highest fish biomass (different species)
  • High algal OM production and accumulation leads to warm hypoxia
55
Q

Dystrophic Lake Status:

A
  • Receives excessive amount of OM
  • High algal production and accumulation leads to warm/hot hypolimnion with anoxia
56
Q

What Happens When Algae Die and Sink to the Bottom:

A

Microbial action depletes the DO in the benthos (i.e., HOD and SOD) -> hypoxia and/or anoxia conditions that can be lethal to invertebrates and fish

57
Q

DO Vertical Profiles (Oligotrophic)

A
  • Clear waters
  • Often uniformly high DO below metalimnion
58
Q

DO Vertical Profiles (Eutrophic)

A
  • Turbid waters
  • DO decline below metalimnion due to HOD + SOD
59
Q

DO Vertical Profiles (Mesotrophic)

A
  • Peak DO at DCM (Deep Chlorophyll Maximum) in metalimnion
  • DO rich water trap during stratification + heating
60
Q

DO Vertical Profiles (Mesotrophic)

A
  • DO min due to HOD due to zooplankton + microbe decomp.
61
Q

What is Silicate Limitation:

A

Weathering of continental lithosphere (granite) Becomes aluminosilicate clays comprised of Silica (SiO2)

62
Q

Formula for Silicic Acid

A

SiO2 + H2O –> H4SiO4

63
Q

Formula for Silicate:

A

H4SiO4 –> SO4 ^-4

64
Q

Orthosilicate:

A

SO4 -4

65
Q

Metasilicate:

A

SO4 -3

66
Q

Pyrosilicate:

A

Si2O6 -7

67
Q

How do Diatoms Use Silicate and Silicic Acid:

A

To form Biogenic Silica (SiO2) in their cell walls

68
Q

What happens to Biogenic silica (SiO2) after Death?

A

Dissolves back to silicate although the process is controlled by:
1. Shrinking rate
2. Temp
3. Bacterial decomp of organism
Otherwise, biogenic silica accumulates in sediments

69
Q

What Does Anoxia Regenerate?

A

Phosphorous (P)

70
Q

What is the Rain pH?

A

5.6 due to CO2 in air

71
Q

What is the pH of Acid Rain?

A

4.2 - 4.4 by NO + SO

72
Q

How is Acid Rain Neutralized (Buffered):

A

By ANC (Acid Neutralizing Capacity) in watershed soils

73
Q

What does acid rain take out of soils?

A

Toxic metals like Aluminum (Al) from carbonate soils

74
Q

What Does Acid Rain do to Macroinvertebrates and Vertebrates

A

Have high mortality and lower reproduction, but certain algae may thrive

75
Q

What is the DOM and colour changing:

A

Dissolved Organic Matter can vary widely in color

76
Q

What is CDOM and Colour changing:

A

Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter creates brown/yellowish hue to lakes

77
Q

What Does DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) Affect?

A
  • Biological
  • Physical
  • Chemical Processes
78
Q

What Does Darker Water Absorbing more Heat Do (4):

A
  • Strengthens stratification
  • Lowering mixing depths
  • Lowering primary producer productivity due to increased light attenuation
  • Increasing energy sources for the microbial loop
79
Q

What Occurs With Chemical Transformations as Material Sinks:

A
  • Lowers OM
  • Lowers Calcium (Ca)
  • Increases SiO2
80
Q

Rate of Sedimentation is Related to What:

A
  1. Watershed and lake productivity
  2. Age of lake
  3. Size of lake
  4. Latitude and Climate
  5. Solids and bedrock
81
Q

Rate of Sedimentation (Age of lake… what it does)

A

Sediments accumulate over time

82
Q

Rate of Sedimentation (Size of lake… What it does)

A

Larger fetch –> larger waves and shoreline erosion

83
Q

Rate of Sedimentation (Latitude and Climate… What it does)

A

Longer growing season –> more organic

84
Q

Rate of Sedimentation (Soils and Bedrock… What it does)

A

More erodible bedrock –> more sediments

BIOL 3450 (13 decks)

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