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BIOL 3450 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Groundwater

A

Water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the land surface. Including all subsurface sources including those in soil solution

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2
Q

Void Spaces

A

(pores/fractures) in the bedrock

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3
Q

What are void spaces important for maintaining

A
  • streamflows
  • drinking water
  • irrigation
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4
Q

Groundwater Distribution (Aeration/Unsaturated/Vadose zone)

A

Land surface to top of the phreatic zone

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5
Q

Groundwater Distribution (Capillary Fringe)

A

Region in which water seeps/wicks up from vadose zone

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6
Q

Groundwater Distribution (water table)

A

Top of saturated zone

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7
Q

Groundwater Distribution (saturated zone)

A
  • Region in which space is filled with water
  • Coincides with most rivers and lakes at surface to swamps, ponds
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8
Q

Groundwater Distribution (Aquifer)

A

Layer of water bearing material (permeable; supports springs)

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9
Q

Groundwater Distribution (Aquitard)

A

Layer that retards water flow (ex. clay)
Relatively impermeable

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10
Q

Groundwater Distribution (Aquiclude)

A

Layer absorbs, holds but does not transmit water
Impermeable

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11
Q

What is a Perched Water Table

A

Aquifer that occurs above the regional water table

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12
Q

What is a Spring

A

Exit point at which groundwater emerges from the aquifer and flows onto the top of the Earth’s crust to become surface water

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13
Q

What is a Well

A

Is a hole made into the ground to access water contained in an aquifer

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14
Q

What is a Watershed (Surface Water)

A

An area of land in which percipitation drains to a common point on a stream, river, pond, lake or other body of water (drainage basin)

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15
Q

What is the Groundwater Divide

A

A curve representing the water table ridge (described with contours of the groundwater level) that seperates the flow domain into subdomains

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16
Q

Where does Groundwater Divide Flow

A

Flows from upland recharge areas to valley discharge areas

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17
Q

What is an Aquifer?

A

Geological formations:
1. stores
2. transmits
3. yields water

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18
Q

What does the Aquifer Depend on:

A

The geology: recharge, aquitards, aquicludes, etc.

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19
Q

What are Unconfined (water table) Aquifers Influenced By:

A

Atmosphere (need pump)

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20
Q

What is an Artesian Well:

A

A well that brings groundwater to the surface without pumping because it is under pressure within a body of rock and/or sediment in a confined aquifer

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21
Q

Wells: Cone of Depression/Ascension

A

Active withdrawal of groundwater can have consequences by changing the slope or shape of the water table
- Continental and Costal wells

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22
Q

What is Hydrodynamic Equilibrium

A

When discharge = recharge

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23
Q

Hydrodynamic Disequiliburium

A

Discharge > recharge

24
Q

That is Groundwater Hydrology

A

Deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in soils and rocks of the Earth’s crust

25
Q

What is Groundwater Hydrology based on?

A
  • Hydraulic gradients: i = change in h/ change in length
  • On gradient
  • Groundwater flows perpendicular to equipotential lines
26
Q

Groundwater Hydrology Abilities and Characteristics (3):

A
  1. Porosity
  2. Permeability
  3. Dispersivity
27
Q

Groundwater Hydrology: Porosity

A

Ability to hold water (void spaces)
P = Volume (pore)/ Volume (total)

28
Q

Groundwater Hydrology: Permeability

A

Ability to transmit water
Hydraulic Conductivity (k):
k = QL/ Aht, time to flush a sediment-filled column

29
Q

Groundwater Hydrology: Dispersivity

A

Ability to mix groundwater

30
Q

Permeability: Hydraulic Conductivity (k) Depends on:

A
  1. Pore size
  2. Path Length
  3. Friction in the Pore
  4. Fluid Viscocity
  5. Density
31
Q

Hydraulic Conductivity (k) What Does the Equation Do?

A

Measures k (cm/s) in diverse materials like stream sediments using a constant-head pereameter

32
Q

Hydraulic Conductivity (k) What Does k Depend on:

A

The material

33
Q

Darcy’s Law for Groundwater Flow:

A

Discharge (Q) = (permeability (k) x Area x hydraulic gradient (i))/ (effective porosity (η))
Velocity (V) = (permeability (k) x hydraulic gradient (i))/ (effective porosity (η))

34
Q

Groundwater Biology: What is Epigean?

A

Surface dwelling

35
Q

Groundwater Biology: What is Hypogean?

A

Being, living or growing underground or below surface

36
Q

Groundwater Biology: What is Stygobiont/Stygofauna?

A

Groundwater-dwelling organisms

37
Q

Groundwater Biology: What is a Stygophile?

A

Surface-dwelling (epigean) species with incipient adaptation to the groundwater life and able to maintain permanent subterranean populations

38
Q

Groundwater Biology: What is Stygobite?

A

Obligate groundwater inhabiting species

39
Q

Groundwater Biology: What is Stygoxene?

A

Species only occuring sporadically in groundwater habitats without permanent subterranean populations

40
Q

Features of Groundwater Biology

A
  • Typically small
  • Eyeless
  • Colourless
  • Adapted to dark
  • Nutrient-poor
  • Spatially constrained
  • Interstitial habitats
41
Q

Groundwater Environments

A
  • Spatial gradients (water depth)
  • Environmental conditions change
  • Ecological factors change
  • Upper and lower boundaries
  • Metazoans vs. Microbes
42
Q

Groundwater Environments (changes in environmental conditions):

A

Decreased light, decreased oxygen, increased temperature, increased sulfer

43
Q

Groundwater Environments (changes in ecological factors):

A
  • Decrease organic carbon
  • Increase in oligotrophy
  • Decrease in photosynthesis
  • Decrease in predation
  • Decrease in competition
  • Increase in detritivory
  • Increase in omnivory
  • Increase in chemoautrophy
44
Q

Groundwater Environments (Upper Boundary)

A

Ecological factors/interactions determine species limits

45
Q

Groundwater Environments (Lower Boundary)

A

Physiological factors determine species limits

46
Q

Groundwater Biology Characteristics: Subterranean Evolution (3 phases)

A
  1. Loss
  2. Increase
  3. Decrease
47
Q

Groundwater Biology Characteristics: Subterranean Evolution - Loss

A

Loss of eyes, pigmentation, wings, water regulatory processes, and various other physiological strategies

48
Q

Groundwater Biology Characteristics: Subterranean Evolution - Increase

A

In appendge length and life span

49
Q

Groundwater Biology Characteristics: Subterranean Evolution - Decrease

A

In the number of eggs (but increase in size and development time) and respiratory metabolism

50
Q

Does below ground reflect the above ground faunal diversity

A

No

51
Q

What Taxa are the most Abundant, Widespread, and Taxonomically Diverse Groups in Groundwater

A
  • Copepoda
  • Isopoda
  • Amphipoda
52
Q

What is a Truncated Food Web:

A

The lack of basal trophic levels to opportunism and redundacy with convergent evolution and high rates of endemism

53
Q

Groundwater Contamination - Types (5)

A
  1. Agricultural
  2. Commercial
  3. Industrial
  4. Municipal
  5. Specialized
54
Q

What Zones are the more vulnerable to contamination

A

Vadose Zones (unconfied aquifers)

55
Q

What is LNAPL?

A

Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (less dense than water)

56
Q

What is DNAPL?

A

Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (denser than water)

BIOL 3450 (13 decks)

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