Lecture 7 - The Spine Flashcards
What are the key joints of the spine?
Atlanto-occipital - Between atlas and occipital condyles of the skull - condyloid joint
Atlantoaxial - between axis and the atlas- pivot joint - rotation of the head
Intervertebral joint - Joints with fibrocartilage pads - slightly moveable
Lumbosacral - Lumbar and sacrum- slightly moveable
What other joints are there?
Facet joints - gliding joint - rib facet joint - rib articulates with the thoracic vertebrae - ribs to pivot when breathing
Facet joints between the vertebrae - gliding joints - remain interlocked so we cant twist the vertebrae in different directions
Outline the basic structure of the vertebrae?
Vertebral body - pressure dispersed across the joint
Lumbar vertebrae have the most as they hold the most weight
Vertebral foramen - spinal cord descends through this
Spinous processes
Transverse processes - key points of muscle attachment
Intervertebral foramen - channel at the back of the vertebrae where spinal nerves come out
Intervertebral discs - compressed in weight bearing
What is the ideal posture?
Alignment between the ear, the shoulder, the greater trochanter of the femur and the knee and the ankle
Anterior view
Neutral head , neutral leg, level pelvis, feet not pronated or supinated
What are the deformations of the spine?
Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
What is kyphosis?
Forward head position and hyperextended cervical region - tight neck extensor , weak neck flexors
What is lordosis?
Hyperextended lumbar region - anterior pelvic tilt - weaker in the abdominal region, tight rec fem
What is scoliosis?
Spine is S shaped - born with it
Corrected through surgery
Outline the technique in lifting?
We want alignment and things to be neutral
With rounding of the spine - lumbar flexion - slipped discs due to abnormal pressure on the intervertebral discs
What are the movements of the lumbar spine?
Lumbar flexion
Lumbar extension
Lumbar rotation
Lumbar lateral flexion
Movement is left or right no extension for lateral flexion and rotation
How do the movements of the pelvic girdle pair with those of the spine?
Lumbar flexion - top of the range of movement - anterior pelvic tilt
Lumbar extension - posterior pelvic rotation
Anterior pelvic tilt whilst remaining in a upright position - lumbar extension
Posterior pelvic rotation whilst remaining in an upright posture - lumbar flexion
What is the rectus abdominus?
I - Cartilage of 5th, 6th and 7th ribs and xiphoid process of the sternum
O - Crest of pubis
Line of pull is towards the pubis
Separated by the linea alba
Both sides - lumbar flexion
Right side - lateral flexion to the right
Left side - lateral flexion to the left
Tendinous inscription - allow for more control over the range of movement
What are the external obliques?
External obliques - I - Anterior half of iliac crest, inguinal ligament, crest of the pubis, fascia of rec abdominus O - Lower eight ribs at side of chest dovetailing with serratus anterior
Lumbar rotation to opposite side + lateral flexion to the same side
What are the internal obliques?
I - Costal cartilage of 8th 9th 10th ribs and linea alba
O- Upper half of inguinal ligament anterior 2/3 of iliac crest, lumbar fascia
Lumbar rotation to same side + lateral flexion to same side
What is the transverse abdominus?
I - Crest of pubis, ilopectineal line and line alba
O- Outer third of inguinal ligament, inner rim of iliac crest, inner surface of cartilage of lower 6 ribs
Contributes to forced expiration by pulling abdominal wall inward
Key role in maintaining abdominal pressure
Maintaining a stable and balanced abdomen during exercise - core stability
What are the posterior muscles?
Erector spinae (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)
Extension of all regions of the spine
Aid lateral flexion on each side
Quadratus Lumborum - I - 12th rib and L1 -4 O - Posterior inner lip of iliac crest - stabilises the pelvis and lumbar spine - core stability, posture and lateral flexion
What is core stability?
The ability of the muscles of the abdomen particularly the deeper postural muscles e.g. TA and QL to maintain a stable abdomen and pelvis
Aids performance - A solid base for forceful movements of the limbs - effective transfer of force through the core -IAP - intra- abdominal pressure
Injury risk - Core instability may allow unwanted movements of the pelvis and lumbar spine leading to excessive ROM and forces on the musculo-skeletal system
Outline lower back pain
80% of the world’s population experience it
Numerous and complex causes
Risk factors - poor posture, muscle imbalance, poor core stability
