Lecture 2 - Skeletal disorders and the muscular system Flashcards
What are the types of fractures?
Closed - doesn’t penetrate the skin
Open - penetrates the skin
Green stick - breaks one side of the one - common in children
Comminuted - Breaks into multiple pieces
What is osteoporosis?
Loss of bone mass and density that makes the skeleton brittle and prone to fracture
Caused by age, hormone changes, Ca deficiency
How can osteoporosis be attenuated?
High impact / high load activity
What is osteoarthritis?
A degenerative joint disease that can be a consequence of age, wear and tear or a response to a traumatic injury
Bone growth, bone spurs that restrict movement
Muscle weakness and poor proprioception
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune disorder where the cartilage is attacked which causes inflammation, swelling, pain and potentially fusion of joints
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
Movement
Posture
Thermoregulation
Storage of nutrients
How do skeletal muscle produce movement?
Force produced by the muscle - transmitted to the skeleton via the tendon - movement occurs
What is the origin?
The tendon attachment nearest to the centre of the body
What is the insertion?
The tendon attachment furthest from the centre of the body
Outline rotational movement and torque
Torque = force x perpendicular distance from pivot
More than 1 torque acts
Net torque determines movement
What does a longer lever arm result in?
Increases torque
Decreases ROM
Decreases joint angular velocity
What is a concentric muscle contraction?
Muscle is in tension and shortening
What is an eccentric muscle contraction?
Muscle is in tension and lengthening
What is an isometric contraction?
Muscle is in tension and constant length
What is an agonist?
The muscle responsible for performing or controlling the movement
What is an antagonist?
The muscle that could oppose the agonists if activated
What are stabilisers?
contract to stabilise nearby joints
What are synergists?
Assist in the action of the agonist
What is parallel muscle?
All fibres are parallel to force production
What is parallel fusiform?
Direction of the fibres is parallel to force but they have a larger central region called the belly
What is the pennate?
Muscle fibres that blend to a tendon
These sacrifice speed of contraction but have more muscle fibres for force production
What is unipennate?
Tendon is one side
What is bipennate?
Tendon is on both sides
What is multipennate?
Multiple heads - recruit different parts
What is convergent?
Fibres converge to a finite point - different parts can be recruited
