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AP1 Neuro & Spinal pathway 24 > Lecture 7 Test 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle force generation

A

works when you have a muscle stretched to its natural state and a contraction force is measured after an action potential.

It won’t work if the muscle is over stretched or under stretched

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2
Q

(heart) Load/contraction velocity

A

increased load = decreased muscle contraction speed

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3
Q

What is quantal summation?

A

Number of motor units activated to produce more force of contraction

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4
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

When you reach max Force generation compared to rate stimulation. Ex. 40 Hz caused a continuous contraction (tetany)

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5
Q

What is tetany?

A

Ex. 40 Hz (supra maximal voltage)

When the AP aren’t able to go back to resting potential and Ca++ aren’t able to fully return into the SR. Causing another AP while previous Ca++ are still in the cytoplasm, resulting with continued contraction without rest.

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6
Q

What is atrophy?

A

When muscles get smaller after no use.

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7
Q

Which part of the muscles are affected by atrophy first?

A

Microfibrils

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8
Q

Can heart muscles replace dead muscles?

A

Yes and we don’t know this is happening

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9
Q

What happens to vascular beds when you workout?

A

When you have big healthy muscles, vascular beds get big as well.

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10
Q

How much skeletal muscles are there in a body?

A

40% of body mass

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11
Q

How many smooth muscles are there in a body?

A

10% of BW

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12
Q

Where can you find smooth muscles?

A

ex. airway, intestines, eyes, blood vessels

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13
Q

Compare the cross bridge process of skeletal muscles to smooth muscles.

A

in smooth muscles, slower pace, causing “latching” d/t the myosin head takes a longer time to release from the actin

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14
Q

T/F: Smooth muscles are a lot stronger than skeletal muscles.

A

True

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15
Q

smooth muscle strength is similar to what animal?

A

Boa constrictor strength with the continuous contraction

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16
Q

Smooth muscles are connected to their neighbors by

A

Gap junctions

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17
Q

Ratio for smooth muscle

A

Actin: Myosin
20:1

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18
Q

Skeletal muscle ratio

A

Actin:Myosin
2:1

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19
Q

(Skeletal muscle) actin filament anchor via

A

Z disk

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20
Q

(Smooth muscle) actin filament anchor via

A

Dense bodies

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21
Q

Skeletal muscles have huge stores of?

A

Calcium in the SR

22
Q

How are smooth muscles depolarized?

A

It has very leaky channels for calcium and sodium
V-G Ca ch
Ligand gated Ca ch
Some under developed SR

23
Q

What happens if your Ca++ is 0??

A

No BP, No Ca++ induced heart beat, Smooth muscles won’t contract, no tone.

24
Q

What is a visceral smooth muscle?

A

Unitary smooth muscle = functions as a unit spreading calcium amongst each cell via gap junctions

25
Q

Ex. of visceral smooth muscle

A

Intestines

26
Q

What is a multi unit smooth muscle and what is it used for?

A

Used for fine tune movements. Not dependent on gap junctions but is dependent on a neurotransmitter

27
Q

Ex. of multi unit smooth muscle?

A

Ciliary muscles, Iris

28
Q

Ex. of a hybrid of skeletal and visceral smooth muscle?

A

Esophagus

29
Q

Anatomy of a small artery (unitary smooth muscle)

A

Endothelium lined on the inside.Smooth muscle on the inside and connective tissue on the outside (Adventitia) structural support.

30
Q

What’s the difference in anatomy between blood vessel and capillary?

A

Capillary only has endothelium. no smooth muscles.

31
Q

3 layers of blood vessel

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa.adventitia

32
Q

Difference between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle contraction

A

skeletal muscles can shorten a little. and smooth muscles can shorten a lot. M line is empty.

33
Q

How does ACh work in different receptors?

A

varies per receptor
Vascular beds = relaxation
Small Intestines = contraction

34
Q

How are actin sites found in smooth muscles?

A

It is always exposed

35
Q

Does myosin do anything in smooth muscles?

A

Nothing, it’s just there

36
Q

Explain smooth muscle contraction process

A

highly dependent on Ca++ influx

Ca++ influx (leak, V-G, SR) > binds to calmodulin > Ca++ calmodulin complex > CAM kinase phosphorylate MLC > activates MLCK > contracts > Ca++ efflux > Myosin phosphatase removes phos > relaxation

37
Q

What other ways can you relax the smooth muscle?

A

Ca++ put back in SR
PMCA- plasma membrane calcium atp-ase
Na+/Ca++ exchanger (3:1)

38
Q

How else can you reduce MLCK activity?

A
  • Nitrates > cGMP > PK-G > phosphorylate MLCK > reduce activity
  • PK-G > phosphorylate Ca++ ch > inactive
39
Q

How does ACh or bradykinin cause vascular relaxation?

A

ACh/bradykinin binds to a receptor > Ca++ release from ER > binds to calmodulin > eNOs > binds to Arginine > NO > binds to cGMP > PK-G > phosphorylate Ca entry channels > closes gate > vascular relaxation

40
Q

What does PDE-5 (sildenafil) do to vascular smooth muscle?

A

increase cGMP > increase PK-G > vascular relaxation

41
Q

What was PDE-5 previously used for?

A

treatment for Pulm HTN resulted with new treatment plan

42
Q

signal transduction cascade with A1, serotonin

A

A1 agonist > PIP-C > IP3, DAG (increase activity PK-C) > Ca++ from SR > binds calmodulin > activate

43
Q

Special fact about serotonin

A

constrict brain blood vessel

44
Q

Brain blood vessels only respond to one thing and not catecholamines

A

serotonin

45
Q

T/F: Calcium leakage can cause smooth muscle contraction without AP

A

True

46
Q

some smooth muscles can generate rhythmic motions in order to…

A

to produce some type of contraction

47
Q

Heart contraction process

A

Na+ influx > AP > (20%) Ca influx L-ype (T-type faster) > Ca induced Ca release from SR (80%) > contraction > 80% via SERCA > 20% via Na+/Ca++ exchanger 3:1 and Ca++ atpase

48
Q

What is calsequestrin?

A

A protein that helps the SERCA pack Ca++ into a container and remove it from the solution.

Found in any muscle with an SR.

49
Q

What is phospholamban?

A

Inhibitor for the SERCA to allow ca+ to stay longer in the heart for a longer contraction.

50
Q

B1 receptor process

A

B1 agonist > activates Adenylyl cyclase > activates cAMP > PK-A > contraction

51
Q

ACh receptor process

A

ACh binds m-ACH-R > inhibit adenylyl cyclase > reduce cAMP > relaxation

AP1 Neuro & Spinal pathway 24 (9 decks)

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