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AP1 Neuro & Spinal pathway 24 > Lecture 6 Test 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Largest contributor to body weight and volume in non-obese people.

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

What does skeletal muscle regulate?

A

Body temperature, glycogen, ions

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3
Q

What is glycogen (energy)?

A

Large chain of sugars (starch) broken down to glucose

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4
Q

40% of body mass; large container?

A

Skeletal muscles

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5
Q

Targets or effectors of the CNS

A

Skeletal muscles

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6
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Liver and muscles

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7
Q

Bone-bone connection are held by

A

Ligaments

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8
Q

Muscle-bone connection

A

Tendons

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9
Q

Are all tendons muscle-bone connections?

A

Vast majority yes but some are intermediary (muscle-muscle)

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10
Q

Tendon bridge?

A

muscle-muscle

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11
Q

Group of (200) myofibril

A

Muscle cell/fiber

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12
Q

Group of muscle fibers/cells

A

Fasciculous; (Plural) Fasciculli

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13
Q

Group of fasciculli

A

Muscle

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14
Q

Group of muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

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15
Q

Contractile proteins

A

Actin/Myosin

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16
Q

Cylinders that contain actin/myosin

A

Myofibril

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17
Q

Stronger the muscle cell =

A

More myofibrils

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18
Q

What control precise control of muscle movements?

A

Weaker muscle cells

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19
Q

Functional unit of myofibrils; where thin and thick filaments can overlap

A

Sarcomere

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20
Q

Collection of muscle fibers and a motor neuron

A

Motor unit

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21
Q

How many muscle cells can 1 motor neuron control?

A

1 or more

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22
Q

small motor unit is useful for

A

-easy to excite

-Smaller fine motor control, tasks

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23
Q

How is the large motor unit activated?

A

-Usually starts off with small motor unit and if we need more strength, larger motor unit is activated

-Harder to excite more stimuli req

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24
Q

2 types of skeletal muscles

A

Type 1: Longer contractions
- (red) slow contractions, lots of myoglobin (iron containing), lots of mitochondria

Type 2: Fast twitch
- (white) fast contractions, less mitochondria, less myoglobin

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25
Q

Ex. of type 1 muscle: Fast twitch

A

Chicken breast flying from low hanging tree

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26
Q

Ex Type 2 muscle: Longer contractions

A

Geese flying 30,000 ft

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27
Q

goose/duck breast

A

Dark meat

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28
Q

Chicken breast

A

White meat

29
Q

AKA Soleus muscle

A

Calf muscle.
-Able to sustain a force for extended period of time per AP. Takes awhile to get going but contained weight bearing for a long period

30
Q

Ocular muscles in regards to action potentials

A

Fast/short reaction time per AP. less myoglobin than calf muscle

31
Q

Gastronecmius

A

Muscle next to soleus (calf) faster acting than soleus, in between ocular and soleus speed of contraction

32
Q

Action potentials for ocular, gastrocnemius and soleus all look the same.

A

They just have different reaction contraction time response

33
Q

T/F: All muscles in the body are a mix of the 2 types.

A

True

34
Q

Muscle Cell wall

A

Sarcolemna

35
Q

Fluids in sarcolemma

A

Sarcoplasm

36
Q

Source of muscle ca++

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

Allows AP to be delivered deep into muscle fibers (myofibrils)

A

Transverse tubules

38
Q

Other names for cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

Striated muscles

striation - alternating patterns within the muscle

39
Q

Thick filaments

A

Myosin

40
Q

Thin filament

A

Actin

41
Q

End structure (sarcomere) where thin filaments (actin) are anchored

A

Z disk

42
Q

Thin filaments section

A

I band

43
Q

Area where actin/myosin overlap

A

A band

44
Q

Area where it’s only myosin filaments

A

H band/zone

45
Q

Stretchy connective tissue that anchors actin/myosin in skeletal muscle

A

Titin

46
Q

*Look at pictures of mitochondria in the muscles under a microscope

A
47
Q

Why are skeletal muscle multi nucleated?

A

Protein production, instructions

48
Q

Motor neuron is really long with ATP on the end of the axon. Need a transport system to receive proteins from the nucleus on the other end of the neuron via

A

“train tracks”

49
Q

1 Myosin “thick filament” consists of

A

200 Myosin molecules that are wrapped and twisted by their tails to make 1 filament.

50
Q

Each myosin molecule has ___

A

6 chains total

2 (heavy chains): larger wrapped/spiraled around each other

4 (light chains): smaller

2 outer (essential) at the head atpase activity.

2 inner at the head - regulatory determine the heads activity level

51
Q

do we have phosphorylations in skeletal muscles?

A

No

52
Q

What is “F actin”?

A

Thin filaments; Actin molecules that Myosin head binds to

53
Q

Actin (thin filaments)

A

2 protein strands
F actin - regulatory, and site for binding with myosin

Tropomyosin - functions as a shield and doesn’t let the myosin heads bind

54
Q

Troponin complex

A

Regulatory - (3) proteins.

Troponin-I > grabs to actin

Troponin-T > grabs to tropomyosin

Troponin-C > 4 binding sites for calcium. When bound, twists T&I to allow myosin to bind to F actin and contract.

55
Q

cross bridge cycling process

A

Is the process when the myosin head binds and detaches to the actin filaments

56
Q

Steps for cross-bridge cycling

A

Ca++ binds to troponin-C > Troponin-C twists T&I > Myosin binds to actin > Myosin head dephosphorylate > Myosin head is full of energy and pulls on actin > shorten the Sarcomere closer together > releases GDP > Myosin head stuck on Actin > Myosin head contact with ATP and release from Actin > ATP metabolized (ADP + P) > relaxed state

57
Q

What happens if there’s no ATP in the cross-bridge process?

A

Myosin head will stay stuck on the actin with no force = stiff (rigor mortis).

58
Q

1 neuron can innervate how many muscle cells?

A

1 or more muscle cells

59
Q

If a sarcomere is over stretched, can you produce force?

A

No,
ex. over time if the heart muscles get stretched over and over, walls get thinner and force of contraction decrease.

60
Q

Optimal stretch and contraction.

A

A muscle that is stretched enough before the point of being overstretched can cause a strong contraction.

C based on the diagram is best per Dr. Schmidt

61
Q

If a muscle is under stretched, can you generate any force?

A

No, there’s no room to contract (shorten)

62
Q

What can you do to make under stretched muscles perform better?

A

Stretch them out.

63
Q

When a ripped tendon (achilles) is surgically repaired, can it perform back to normal?

A

No, because when it’s repaired, they are overlapped and connected. Not the same as before. It is now increased stretch and decreased mobility

It will function but not optimally

64
Q

Is the heart under stretched, overstretched or optimal stretched?

A

Understretched, in a normal person if we have more preload, it’ll stretch more and cause a more purposeful contraction. (Starlings law)

65
Q

explain Active tension

A

If the muscle is under stretched and cause an AP, result would be minimal contraction.

If overstretched and produce an AP = no contraction.

If optimally stretched and produce an AP = strong contraction

66
Q

passive tension

A

outside force to achieve a stretch

67
Q

active tension

A

Force that’s produced in the contracting muscle as the result of the AP

68
Q

Total tension

A

Combination of passive tension - active tension.

69
Q

Achilles tendon tears repair process

A

fastens to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle to the heel bone (calcareous bone)

AP1 Neuro & Spinal pathway 24 (7 decks)

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