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Understanding Mental Health and Wellbeing > Lecture 7- Social and Cultural Approaches > Flashcards

Lecture 7- Social and Cultural Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What does culture play a role in?

A

Determining what is and is not abnormal

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2
Q

What do decisions on abnormal behaviour involve?

A

Social judgments based on values and expectations of one’s culture

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3
Q

What is the DSM definition of delusion?

A

A false belief based on incorrect inference about the external reality. Not accepted by other members of the people’s culture of subculture.

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4
Q

What does Williams say about socially adaptive belief?

A

Human belief formation is sensitive to social rewards and punishment. Beliefs are formed due to unconscious expectations due to agents (those who reward us when we hold ungrounded beliefs and punish us when we hold reasonable ones)

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5
Q

What are beliefs?

A

Group markers that will identify us with that group

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6
Q

What were the views of homosexuality in the DSM?

A

DSM I and II considered homosexuality a form of mental disorder

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7
Q

Who looked at homosexuality treatment by behaviour modification?

A

Pradhan et al

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8
Q

What did Pradhan et al do?

A

Treatment of 13 homosexuals with behaviour modification. Did classical electrical aversion and positive conditioning

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9
Q

What did Pradhan et al find?

A

Change in sexual orientation lasting on 6 month 1 year follow up. Presence of homosexual partner and passive anal intercourse indicated a poor response

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10
Q

What occured in the late 60s with beliefs of homosexuality?

A

Gay/lesbian rights leaders challenged assumption that homosexuality was pathological

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11
Q

What occurred in 1973 with homosexuality?

A

APA board of trustees agreed to remove homosexuality as a form of mental illness

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12
Q

What were the Freudian views of homosexuality?

A

Emotionally smothering mothers and detached hostile fathers play a causal role.

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13
Q

What did Rado, 1962, say about the Freudian view of homosexuality?

A

Homosexuality occurs when heterosexual desires are psychologically threatening.

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14
Q

What does the DSM IV say about gender identity?

A

Gender identity disorder is intense discomfort with one’s biological gender and strong identification with the opposite gender

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15
Q

What does the DSM V say about gender dysphoria?

A

Emphasises the importance of distress about incongruity about biology and identity

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16
Q

What is the role of sociocultural factors in mental disorders?

A

Symptoms and patterns are cross cultural and they predict prevalence

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17
Q

Who looked at sociocultural factors in mental disorders?

A

Andrade et al

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18
Q

What did Andrade et al find?

A

Assessed the prevalence of major depressive disorder and found the prevalence ranged from 3% to 17% in the USA

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19
Q

What are pathogenic social influences?

A

Low socio-economic status, unemployment, prejudice, discrimination, social media, violence and homelessness

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20
Q

What was found in the Western society with low SES and unemployment?

A

Correlation with mental disorder and stronger for certain types of disorders such as APD in the lower 3 income band than depression

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21
Q

What is unemployment associated with?

A

Emotional distress and vulnerability to psychopathology

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22
Q

What did Piotrowska et al?

A

Poor families suffer more stress and then model more dysfunctional parenting and antisocial behaviour

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23
Q

How can mental disorders lead to low SES?

A

Suffering from primary and secondary difficulties

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24
Q

How can race and gender effect mental health?

A

Schizophrenia being a high diagnosis for AA men due to their symptoms and their connection to the civil rights movement

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25
Q

Who looked at how social media link to mental disorder

A

Vannucci et al

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26
Q

What did Vannucci et al find?

A

Social media use leads to increases in anxiety in adults

27
Q

How does social media link to mental disorder?

A

Social media users are more aware of stressful events experienced by online friends.
Social media can be used to isolate and cause social comparisons

28
Q

How does violence effect mental health?

A

Domestic violence against women and children leads to PTSD, depression, anxiety

29
Q

How does homelessness relate to mental health?

A

1/3 of homeless people are effected by severe mental illness

30
Q

What is the goal of the DSM?

A

Identify and diagnose mental health problems in a similar way across cultures

31
Q

What is somatisation?

A

The tendency to experience and communicate emotional distress in the form of physical symptoms

32
Q

Is somatisation common in western culture?

A

No and they report less somatic symptoms when reporting psychological distress

33
Q

Why is somatisation common in Asian cultures?

A

As they disapprove of strong expression of negative emotions

34
Q

What are the methodologies challenges for depression in the Native American Elder?

A

No word for “depressed” in certain Native American languages.
Prevalence investigations need to adapt tests and measures across linguistic and cultural barriers.
Care must be taken not to miss culture-specific elements and manifestations.

35
Q

What is culture and behaviour in Western Culture?

A

More tolerant

36
Q

What is culture and behaviour in Eastern Culture?

A

High intolerant of undercontrolled behaviour such as disobedience and aggression and taught to inhibit expression of anger

37
Q

What is the expression of anger associated with?

A

The biological health risk but moderated by culture

38
Q

What did Kitayama et al find with anger?

A

Greater impression of anger predicted increased BHR for Americans but reduced BHR for Japanese

39
Q

What did MacAndrew say about culture and drunkenness?

A

If you are in a group of people and see them drinking you assume you can drink the same amount meaning if you go out and drink you assume you can drink the same amount

40
Q

What did Tan et al say about culture?

A

Report cases of systematised delusions involving the internet as cultural factors can shape the content of reality distortion symptoms

41
Q

Who looked at Capgras delusions and culture?

A

Ellis and Young

42
Q

What did Ellis + Young say about Capgras delusions?

A

They result from damage to neural pathways underpinning the emotional component of face recognition

43
Q

What is the link between Capgras delusion and culture?

A

The same neurocognitive impairment may manifest in different contents influenced by culture

44
Q

What are the most common delusional themes?

A

Paranoia, grandiosity and the ideas of reference

45
Q

Who did the Truman Show Delusion?

A

Gold and Gold

46
Q

What did Gold and Gold do?

A

Found 5 patients who believed they were subject similar to a reality TV show and broadcasting their daily life

47
Q

What were the findings from Gold and Gold?

A

Patient 1 believed that 9/11 was fabricated

48
Q

What can culture shape in disorders?

A

The expression of psychopathology where symptoms could be more or less unique to a particular culture

49
Q

What are examples of culture specific disorders?

A

Chowdhury et al= puppy pregnancy
Wendigos= fears centres on turning into cannibals by a power of a monster with a craving for human flesh in Native American culture
Hikikomori- disorder of social withdrawal where young people stay in their bedrooms and refuse social interaction for at least 6 months

50
Q

Who looked at religion?

A

Stavrova

51
Q

What does religion serve as according to Stavrova?

A

A protective factor for health due to association with coping mechanisms, social support and health behaviours

52
Q

What does religion influence according to Stavrova?

A

Individuals to perceive themselves as healthier and independent of their physical health status

53
Q

What are the positive aspects of religion?

A

Individuals live longer compared to non-religious
Countries with strong norm of religion report more positive and less negative emotions
They have a low propensity for health related damaging behaviours

54
Q

Who looked at the gender differences in depression?

A

Piccinelli and Wilkinson

55
Q

What are the gender differences between men and women in depression?

A

Women have higher rated of depression than men
Depression is early onset in women than men

56
Q

What gendered symptoms do men and women have?

A

Women have more internalised symptoms such as guilt but men have externalised symptoms such as substance abuse

57
Q

What are risk factors for depression?

A

Gender roles, societal expectations, discrimination, violence and socio-economic status

58
Q

What effect does biological factors have on depression according to Piccinelli and Wilkinson?

A

Hormonal fluctuations, genetic predispositions show little to no effect to gender differences

59
Q

Who looked at women and difficulties in depression?

A

Frank et al

60
Q

What did Frank et al find?

A

Women have more difficulties with appetite, sleep and somatic anxiety

61
Q

Who looked at the course of depression in women?

A

Kessler et al

62
Q

What did Kessler et al find?

A

Women have longer durations of depressive episodes

63
Q

Who looked at cultural aspects in social anxiety?

A

Hofmann

64
Q

What are the key points from Hofmann?

A

Social anxiety and SAD manifest differently in different cultures
Collectivist cultures are about grouo harmony and conformity so social anxiety may be expressed
Individualistic is about personal achievement and independence so social anxiety is due to failure and rejection
Some cultures stigmatise mental illness so there is reluctance to seek help
Therapeutic approaches should consider cultural beliefs and values

Understanding Mental Health and Wellbeing (8 decks)

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