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Understanding Mental Health and Wellbeing > Lecture 5- Cognitive Approach > Flashcards

Lecture 5- Cognitive Approach Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cognitive approach focus on?

A

Perception, attention, memory, recognition, reasoning, judgement

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2
Q

What does the cognitive processes shape?

A

Behaviour and the emotions experienced

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3
Q

What could occur in cognitive processes?

A

They can become distorted and contribute to maladaptive emotions and behaviours

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4
Q

What is the cognitive approach interested in?

A

Structuring experiences, making senses of them and relating current experiences to past ones that have been stored in the memory

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5
Q

What is the cognitivists chain?

A

Between the stimuli and response our emotions and behaviours are determined by our thinking patterns

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6
Q

What therapy did Ellis find?

A

REBT

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7
Q

What is Ellis’ ABC theory?

A

There is an activation event, irrational beliefs, consequences and leads to distress

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8
Q

What do private beliefs do?

A

Private beliefs about activating events determine emotional and behavioural consequences

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9
Q

What did Ellis say about irrational beliefs?

A

Unrealistic views of the world and perfectionist values

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10
Q

What did Ellis say that irrational beliefs cause?

A

Maladaptive behaviour and psychological disorders

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11
Q

How is adaptive functioning achieved (Ellis)?

A

When behaving rationally and in tune with empirical reality

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12
Q

What is the aim for REBT?

A

Restructuring belief systems and self-evaluative processes

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13
Q

What is the outcome for REBT?

A

More positive sense of self-worth and an emotionally satisfied life

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14
Q

Who developed CBT?

A

Beck

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15
Q

What is Beck’s cog theory of depression?

A

Cognitive bias, negative self-schemas and the negative triad

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16
Q

What was CBT developed for?

A

Depression and then anxiety

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17
Q

What did Beck say about thinking disorders?

A

They are the core of psychological problems

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18
Q

What is a cognitive bias?

A

The way we interpret events and experiences determine out emotional reactions to them

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19
Q

What is the cognitive model of psychopathology?

A

The information-processing model

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20
Q

What is the information-processing model?

A

Information is taken in from the environment and processed in a series of cognitive processes of attention, memory and appraisal

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21
Q

How do problems arise in the cognitive model of psychopathology?

A

From biased processing of external events or internal stimuli

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22
Q

What does the biased processing in the cog model cause?

A

Distort the way people make sense of their world and experiences leading to cognitive errors

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23
Q

Who looked at biases?

A

Mathews & MacLeod, 2005

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24
Q

What are the 3 cognitive biases?

A

Attention, memory and appraisal

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24
Q

What did Mathews & MacLeod find?

A

Biases may reinforce or maintain one’s current depressed state

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25
Q

Who looked at the characteristics of attentional biases?

A

Miles & Dixon, 2004

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26
Q

What did Miles & Dixon, 2004 , find?

A

Difficulty disengaging and attentional avoidance

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27
Q

What brain area is implicated in attentional biases?

A

Amygdala

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28
Q

Who found the amygdala is implicated in attentional biases?

A

Anderson & Phelps

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29
Q

What is the Ohman’s feature detection model?

A

Attention to a threat is an evolutionary adaptive process and the meaning is appraised

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30
Q

What disorders occur in attention biases?

A

Anxiety and depression

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31
Q

Who looked at attention biases in anxiety?

A

Cisler & Koster, 2010

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32
Q

What did Cisler & Koster, 2010, find?

A

Attentional biases are toward threat-related stimuli

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33
Q

Who looked at attention biases in depression?

A

Roiser et al, 2012

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34
Q

What did Roiser et al, 2012 find?

A

Attention to negative emotional material and impaired attentional disengagement from negative stimuli

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35
Q

What disorders occur in memory biases?

A

Depression and anxiety

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36
Q

Who looked at memory biases in depression?

A

Roiser, Elliot & Sahakian, 2012

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37
Q

What did Roiser, Elliot & Sahakian, 2012 find?

A

There is the tendency to remember negative material

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38
Q

Who looked at memory biases in anxiety?

A

Mitte 2008

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39
Q

What did Mitte, 2008, find?

A

There is implicit vs explicit memory for threat cues

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40
Q

What disorders occur in appraisal biases?

A

Anxiety

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41
Q

Who looked at appraisal biases in anxiety?

A

Craske et al, 2009

42
Q

What did Craske et al, 2009, find?

A

Situations are interpreted as more threatening

43
Q

What are schemas?

A

A cognitive framework consisting of knowledge, beliefs and assumptions about the world

44
Q

What are the characteristics of schemas?

A

They are rigid, global and over-generalised

45
Q

How are schemas activated?

A

By experiences

46
Q

What do schemas help with?

A

Organising and categorising the world

47
Q

What do schemas produce?

A

Rapid, automatic and emotional responses

48
Q

How are new experiences incorporated into existing schemas?

A

Assimilation and accommodation

49
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Incorporating new experiences into existing cog frameworks. New info may be reinterpreted or distorted

50
Q

What could assimilation result in?

A

Clinging to existing assumptions and rejecting new info that contradicts them

51
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Changing existing schemas to incorporate new information that doesn’t fit. It is the basic goal of CBTs

52
Q

What occurs to schemas in adulthood

A

They become more fixed and rigid

53
Q

What do schemas incorporate?

A

Core beliefs about the self, future and the world

54
Q

What are core beliefs?

A

Largely subconscious and give rise to conscious thoughts

55
Q

What are the positive aspects of schemas?

A

Enable us to focus on relevant information

56
Q

What are the negative aspects of schemas?

A

A source of psychological vulnerability if distort and inaccurate

57
Q

What are self-schemas?

A

They form part of our identity and incorporate core beliefs about attributes as a person

58
Q

Why do negative core beliefs for?

A

Form as a result of childhood trauma

59
Q

What do early experiences lead to in the cognitive model of psychopathology?

A

Schemas as an organised network of accumulated knowledge them a biased information processing

60
Q

What are the cognitive distortions?

A

Labelling
Personalisation
All or nothing thinking
Over-generalisation
Mental filter
Disqualifying the positive
Jumping to conclusions
Magnification and minimisation
Emotional reasoning

61
Q

What is labelling?

A

Assigning labels to ourselves or others

62
Q

What is personalisation?

A

Blaming yourself or taking responsibility for something that wasn’t completely your fault. Or blaming others for something that was your fault

63
Q

What is all or nothing thinking?

A

Black and white thinking

64
Q

What is over-generalising?

A

Seeing a pattern based on a single event or being overly broad

65
Q

What is a mental filter?

A

Only paying attention to certain types of evidence. Noticing failures but not successes

66
Q

What is jumping to conclusions?

A

Mind reading (imagining we know what others are thinking) and fortune telling (predicting the future)

67
Q

What is magnification and minimisation?

A

Blowing things out of proportion or shrinking something to make it seem less important

68
Q

What is emotional reasoning?

A

Assuming that because we feel a certain way what we think must be true

69
Q

What is disqualifying the positive?

A

Discounting good things that has happened

70
Q

What are negative automatic thoughts?

A

Brief thoughts caused by stressful life events that activate negative core beliefs

71
Q

What is the cognitive triad?

A

Negative automatic thoughts about the self, the world and the future

72
Q

What is the vicious cycle?

A

Negative core beliefs leading to negative automatic thoughts that reinforce and maintain core beliefs

73
Q

What can a triad of negative core beliefs lead to?

A

Changes in mood and behaviour

74
Q

What is the goal with CBT?

A

Altering core beliefs and schemas

75
Q

What is CBT?

A

Collaborative work to help clients to change the views of themselves and the way in which they interpret life events

76
Q

What is CBT focused on?

A

Goal oriented and problem focused. There is a focus on the present and sometimes abut the past and how it is affecting the client

77
Q

What is CBT based on?

A

On evidence and empirical evaluation

78
Q

What are the session of CBT?

A

5-20 sessions on a weekly basis and each lasts 45-60 minutes

79
Q

What occurs in the first 2-4 sessions of CBT?

A

Therapist checks that the client can use CBT and feel comfortable with it

80
Q

What occurs in the collaborative process of CBT?

A

Therapist and client discuss what they want to deal with in the short, medium and long term

81
Q

What does dysfunctional behaviour result from?

A

Distorting thinking and biased information processing

82
Q

What techniques does CBT use for help client with adaptive ways of thinking?

A

Psychoeducation, behavioural activation, behavioural experiments, exposure, cognitive restructuring

83
Q

What is psychoeducation?

A

Explaining how the therapy works and what is expected from them, evidence suggests that it will improve client adherence to the therapist’s recommendation

84
Q

What is behavioural activation?

A

Increase engaging in adaptive activities (causes a sense of achievement such as doing the dishes)

85
Q

What are behavioural experiments?

A

Test clients beliefs in real life conditions to test the validity of negative beliefs

86
Q

What is exposure?

A

Most effective in treatment of fear, repeatedly facing an object that can cause anxiety (expectations of fear are altered so they aren’t scared

87
Q

What is cognitive restructuring?

A

Changes how the person thinks about the world, maladaptive thinking is adaptive

88
Q

What are other elements of CBT that the client does?

A

Client asked to keep a diary (activity log), homework is made every session to practice the skills learn outside of therapy, client practices the changes in everyday life (e.g. replace negative thought with an adaptive) and the client become their own therapist

89
Q

What is relapse prevention?

A

CBT focusing on decreasing the likelihood that problems will return

90
Q

What are the applications of CBT?

A

Depression (Beck), Panic (Clark), OCD (Salkovskis), PTSD (Ehlers & Clark)

91
Q

What were the effect size of CBT in seasonal affective disorder?

A

0.88

92
Q

What were the effect size of CBT in major depressive disorder?

A

0.75

93
Q

What are the limitations of CBT?

A

Symptoms may return, demand of involvement from clients, CBT takes time, client may find it difficult to engage and get motivated, low availability

94
Q

What is attribution?

A

The process of assigning causes to things that occur

95
Q

What is attributional style?

A

How someone assigns causes to bad or good events

96
Q

Who looked at inaccurate attributions?

A

Mineka et al, 2002

97
Q

What did Mineka et al find?

A

Our inaccurate attributions could be important in parts of our view of the world and have effects on emotional wellbeing

98
Q

Who looked at depressed people and attributions?

A

Mezulis et al, 2004

99
Q

What did Mezulis et al find?

A

Non-depressed people have a self-serving bias where they make internal stable attributions for positive rather than negative events

100
Q

Who found that depression is neurochemical?

A

Rsberg et al, 1976

101
Q

Who found that depression is neuropsychological?

A

Clark et al

102
Q

What models are used for treatment of depression?

A

Psychological and monoamine

103
Q

Who found the models used for depression treatment?

A

Fournier et al

Understanding Mental Health and Wellbeing (8 decks)

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