Lecture 5- Cognitive Approach Flashcards
What does the cognitive approach focus on?
Perception, attention, memory, recognition, reasoning, judgement
What does the cognitive processes shape?
Behaviour and the emotions experienced
What could occur in cognitive processes?
They can become distorted and contribute to maladaptive emotions and behaviours
What is the cognitive approach interested in?
Structuring experiences, making senses of them and relating current experiences to past ones that have been stored in the memory
What is the cognitivists chain?
Between the stimuli and response our emotions and behaviours are determined by our thinking patterns
What therapy did Ellis find?
REBT
What is Ellis’ ABC theory?
There is an activation event, irrational beliefs, consequences and leads to distress
What do private beliefs do?
Private beliefs about activating events determine emotional and behavioural consequences
What did Ellis say about irrational beliefs?
Unrealistic views of the world and perfectionist values
What did Ellis say that irrational beliefs cause?
Maladaptive behaviour and psychological disorders
How is adaptive functioning achieved (Ellis)?
When behaving rationally and in tune with empirical reality
What is the aim for REBT?
Restructuring belief systems and self-evaluative processes
What is the outcome for REBT?
More positive sense of self-worth and an emotionally satisfied life
Who developed CBT?
Beck
What is Beck’s cog theory of depression?
Cognitive bias, negative self-schemas and the negative triad
What was CBT developed for?
Depression and then anxiety
What did Beck say about thinking disorders?
They are the core of psychological problems
What is a cognitive bias?
The way we interpret events and experiences determine out emotional reactions to them
What is the cognitive model of psychopathology?
The information-processing model
What is the information-processing model?
Information is taken in from the environment and processed in a series of cognitive processes of attention, memory and appraisal
How do problems arise in the cognitive model of psychopathology?
From biased processing of external events or internal stimuli
What does the biased processing in the cog model cause?
Distort the way people make sense of their world and experiences leading to cognitive errors
Who looked at biases?
Mathews & MacLeod, 2005
What are the 3 cognitive biases?
Attention, memory and appraisal
What did Mathews & MacLeod find?
Biases may reinforce or maintain one’s current depressed state
Who looked at the characteristics of attentional biases?
Miles & Dixon, 2004
What did Miles & Dixon, 2004 , find?
Difficulty disengaging and attentional avoidance
What brain area is implicated in attentional biases?
Amygdala
Who found the amygdala is implicated in attentional biases?
Anderson & Phelps
What is the Ohman’s feature detection model?
Attention to a threat is an evolutionary adaptive process and the meaning is appraised
What disorders occur in attention biases?
Anxiety and depression
Who looked at attention biases in anxiety?
Cisler & Koster, 2010
What did Cisler & Koster, 2010, find?
Attentional biases are toward threat-related stimuli
Who looked at attention biases in depression?
Roiser et al, 2012
What did Roiser et al, 2012 find?
Attention to negative emotional material and impaired attentional disengagement from negative stimuli
What disorders occur in memory biases?
Depression and anxiety
Who looked at memory biases in depression?
Roiser, Elliot & Sahakian, 2012
What did Roiser, Elliot & Sahakian, 2012 find?
There is the tendency to remember negative material
Who looked at memory biases in anxiety?
Mitte 2008
What did Mitte, 2008, find?
There is implicit vs explicit memory for threat cues
What disorders occur in appraisal biases?
Anxiety
Who looked at appraisal biases in anxiety?
Craske et al, 2009
What did Craske et al, 2009, find?
Situations are interpreted as more threatening
What are schemas?
A cognitive framework consisting of knowledge, beliefs and assumptions about the world
What are the characteristics of schemas?
They are rigid, global and over-generalised
How are schemas activated?
By experiences
What do schemas help with?
Organising and categorising the world
What do schemas produce?
Rapid, automatic and emotional responses
How are new experiences incorporated into existing schemas?
Assimilation and accommodation
What is assimilation?
Incorporating new experiences into existing cog frameworks. New info may be reinterpreted or distorted
What could assimilation result in?
Clinging to existing assumptions and rejecting new info that contradicts them
What is accommodation?
Changing existing schemas to incorporate new information that doesn’t fit. It is the basic goal of CBTs
What occurs to schemas in adulthood
They become more fixed and rigid
What do schemas incorporate?
Core beliefs about the self, future and the world
What are core beliefs?
Largely subconscious and give rise to conscious thoughts
What are the positive aspects of schemas?
Enable us to focus on relevant information
What are the negative aspects of schemas?
A source of psychological vulnerability if distort and inaccurate
What are self-schemas?
They form part of our identity and incorporate core beliefs about attributes as a person
Why do negative core beliefs for?
Form as a result of childhood trauma
What do early experiences lead to in the cognitive model of psychopathology?
Schemas as an organised network of accumulated knowledge them a biased information processing
What are the cognitive distortions?
Labelling
Personalisation
All or nothing thinking
Over-generalisation
Mental filter
Disqualifying the positive
Jumping to conclusions
Magnification and minimisation
Emotional reasoning
What is labelling?
Assigning labels to ourselves or others
What is personalisation?
Blaming yourself or taking responsibility for something that wasn’t completely your fault. Or blaming others for something that was your fault
What is all or nothing thinking?
Black and white thinking
What is over-generalising?
Seeing a pattern based on a single event or being overly broad
What is a mental filter?
Only paying attention to certain types of evidence. Noticing failures but not successes
What is jumping to conclusions?
Mind reading (imagining we know what others are thinking) and fortune telling (predicting the future)
What is magnification and minimisation?
Blowing things out of proportion or shrinking something to make it seem less important
What is emotional reasoning?
Assuming that because we feel a certain way what we think must be true
What is disqualifying the positive?
Discounting good things that has happened
What are negative automatic thoughts?
Brief thoughts caused by stressful life events that activate negative core beliefs
What is the cognitive triad?
Negative automatic thoughts about the self, the world and the future
What is the vicious cycle?
Negative core beliefs leading to negative automatic thoughts that reinforce and maintain core beliefs
What can a triad of negative core beliefs lead to?
Changes in mood and behaviour
What is the goal with CBT?
Altering core beliefs and schemas
What is CBT?
Collaborative work to help clients to change the views of themselves and the way in which they interpret life events
What is CBT focused on?
Goal oriented and problem focused. There is a focus on the present and sometimes abut the past and how it is affecting the client
What is CBT based on?
On evidence and empirical evaluation
What are the session of CBT?
5-20 sessions on a weekly basis and each lasts 45-60 minutes
What occurs in the first 2-4 sessions of CBT?
Therapist checks that the client can use CBT and feel comfortable with it
What occurs in the collaborative process of CBT?
Therapist and client discuss what they want to deal with in the short, medium and long term
What does dysfunctional behaviour result from?
Distorting thinking and biased information processing
What techniques does CBT use for help client with adaptive ways of thinking?
Psychoeducation, behavioural activation, behavioural experiments, exposure, cognitive restructuring
What is psychoeducation?
Explaining how the therapy works and what is expected from them, evidence suggests that it will improve client adherence to the therapist’s recommendation
What is behavioural activation?
Increase engaging in adaptive activities (causes a sense of achievement such as doing the dishes)
What are behavioural experiments?
Test clients beliefs in real life conditions to test the validity of negative beliefs
What is exposure?
Most effective in treatment of fear, repeatedly facing an object that can cause anxiety (expectations of fear are altered so they aren’t scared
What is cognitive restructuring?
Changes how the person thinks about the world, maladaptive thinking is adaptive
What are other elements of CBT that the client does?
Client asked to keep a diary (activity log), homework is made every session to practice the skills learn outside of therapy, client practices the changes in everyday life (e.g. replace negative thought with an adaptive) and the client become their own therapist
What is relapse prevention?
CBT focusing on decreasing the likelihood that problems will return
What are the applications of CBT?
Depression (Beck), Panic (Clark), OCD (Salkovskis), PTSD (Ehlers & Clark)
What were the effect size of CBT in seasonal affective disorder?
0.88
What were the effect size of CBT in major depressive disorder?
0.75
What are the limitations of CBT?
Symptoms may return, demand of involvement from clients, CBT takes time, client may find it difficult to engage and get motivated, low availability
What is attribution?
The process of assigning causes to things that occur
What is attributional style?
How someone assigns causes to bad or good events
Who looked at inaccurate attributions?
Mineka et al, 2002
What did Mineka et al find?
Our inaccurate attributions could be important in parts of our view of the world and have effects on emotional wellbeing
Who looked at depressed people and attributions?
Mezulis et al, 2004
What did Mezulis et al find?
Non-depressed people have a self-serving bias where they make internal stable attributions for positive rather than negative events
Who found that depression is neurochemical?
Rsberg et al, 1976
Who found that depression is neuropsychological?
Clark et al
What models are used for treatment of depression?
Psychological and monoamine
Who found the models used for depression treatment?
Fournier et al
