Lecture 1- Defining Mental Health and Wellbeing Flashcards
What is health?
A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1946)
What is mental health?
A state of wellbeing in which every individual realises their own potential, can cope with common stresses of life, can work productively and successfully.
What does mental health influence?
How we think, feel and act
What is mental health important to?
Personal, community and socio-economic development
What are the factors for mental health
Risk and protective factors
What do risk factors do to mental health?
Undermine mental health
What are examples of risk factors?
Climate crisis, poor quality infrastructure, poor access to services, injustice, health emergencies, social exclusion
What do personal factors do to mental health?
Enhance mental health
What are examples of personal factors?
Genetic factors, low education, alcohol, drug use, unhealthy diet, vitamin D deficiency
What does the interaction between vulnerability and stressors cause?
Life events and chronic stressors
What is mental health condition?
A broad term covering mental disorders and psychosocial disabilities
What are the risk factors for mental health conditions?
Conflict, disease outbreaks, social injustice, discrimination, disadvantage
When do risk factors effect mental health conditions?
During developmentally sensitive periods
How does socially marginalisation effect mental health conditions?
Greater risk of mental health conditions and more difficulty accessing health services
How does gender and ethnic grouping effect mental health conditions?
Increase risk of social exclusion and economic adversity
What does mental health condition disturb?
Our thoughts and feelings and change behaviours
What is a mental disorder?
Syndrome characterised by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological biological or developmental processes
What is the cycle of mental ill-health?
Starts in birth, poor parenting, poor education, violence, reduced livelihood, mental health conditions, alcohol and drug use, risk taking behaviours
How does mental ill-health link to poverty?
Less access to health care, stigma to undermine social support structure, less financial resources to maintain living standards
What protective factors build resilience?
Positive parenting, quality education and employment
What is the aim of the WHO initiative for mental health?
Increasing mental health care provision to reduce suffering and improve public health and protection of human rights
What does wellbeing mean?
The state of feeling healthy and happy, needs to be culturally inclusive for international comparisons
What are the philosophies for wellbeing?
Hedonism and eudemonism
What is the hedonistic view?
Subjective wellbeing, positive mood, focus on pleasure
What is the eudemonist view?
Focus on self- actualisation, personal growth and psychological wellbeing
What does Waterman say about personal expressiveness?
Living in accordance to daimon (true self). There should be personal expressiveness and hedonistic enjoyment
Who looked at the different types of wellbeing?
La Placa
What are the 4 different types of wellbeing?
Individual, community, family and societal
What is individual wellbeing?
An active agent to interpret wellbeing that has positive and negative multidimensional evaluations
What is family wellbeing?
Negative evaluations about life and work. Families provide resources that can increase or decrease wellbeing
What is community wellbeing?
Social, cultural and psychological needs of individuals that can contribute to spiritual, physical and psychological wellbeing
What is societal wellbeing?
A positive or negative state from individuals focusing on relations with others where basic needs are met
Who looked at societal wellbeing?
Wilkinson and Pickett
What did Wilkinson and Pickett find?
Societal wellbeing raises issues around structural social inequalities
What is used to assess wellbeing?
SWB (subjective wellbeing)
What does the SWB assess?
Happiness through life satisfaction, presence of positive mood and absence of negative mood
What scale was used to improve wellbeing?
Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale
What are the 5 themes of the WEMWBS?
Psychological, social, arts+culture+environment, physical health promotion and other
What are the psychological interventions?
Mindfulness intervention studies, psychoeducation intervention studies, CBT, resilience, self management and wellness
What interventions (psychological) had a moderate effect?
Mindfulness intervention studies, psychoeducation intervention studies, CBT
What interventions (psychological) had a large effect?
Resilience, self management and wellness
What are the social interventions?
Support interventions, parenting intervention studies, community/peer support, social prescribing intervention
Which social intervention had no effect?
Community/peer support
What social intervention had a positive effect?
Support intervention (6 reported + effect)
What social intervention had a moderate effect?
Parenting and social prescribing
What impact did art have on wellbeing?
Strong, 75% improvement pre and post
What impact did physical health interventions have?
14/18 had a moderate effect and 4 studies on health promotion had a + effect
What is mental health epidemiology?
Study of the distribution of mental disorders in a given population
What is prevalence?
Number of active cases in a population at any given period of time in a percentage
What is incidence?
The number of new cases that occur over a given time
What are the three types of prevalence?
Point, 1 year and life time
What is point prevalance?
Estimated proportion of active cases of a condition in a given population at a given point in time
What is 1 year prevalence?
Everyone who experienced condition at any point in time throughout entire year
What is life time prevalence?
Number of people with a particular condition at any time in their lives includes both currently ill and recovered individuals
What did Kirkbridge et al find?
In UK schizophrenia is 3 more likely to develop in ethnic minorities than the white population
What did Steel et al find about common mental health condition in the past 12 months?
17.6% and 29.2% in the lifetime
What did Steel et al find out about females in mental health conditions?
Females are more likely to experience mood or anxiety condition
What did Steel et al find out about males in mental health conditions?
Males more likely to experience alcohol or substance abuse
What disorders are most common?
Anxiety and depressive disorders
When are anxiety disorder most prevalent?
At early ages
When is depressive disorders most common?
In adults
When does prevalence vary for conditions?
With sex and age
What happened to depression and anxiety in COVID?
Increase 28% for depression and 26% for anxiety in young age groups than older
What are the symptoms of mental health conditions?
Personal distress, maladaptive behaviour, violating statistical norms, violating a societal norms, social discomfort, irrationality and predictability, dangerousness
What is dangerousness?
If the person is a danger to themselves or others
What did Corrigan and Watson find?
People with mental illness dangerousness is more the expection than the rule
What is irrationality and unpredictability?
Evaluation if the person can control their behaviour
What is social discomfort?
When someone violates an implicit social rule causing others to experience discomfort
What is personal distress?
Low mood, worry and depression. It doesn’t apply to all disorders
What does personal distress apply to?
Adaptive responses such as conflict
What does maladaptive behaviour apply to?
The individual, to those around the individual and to society
What is an example of maladaptive behaviour to the individual?
Agoraphobia
What is an example of maladaptive behaviour to those around the individual?
Depression through isolation from friends and family
What is an example of maladaptive behaviour to society?
Sick leave and lost work productivity
What is violating statistical norms?
Rate and infrequent behaviour being maladaptive when it is away from the norm
What is violating a societal norm?
Not following the conventional social and moral rules of the cultural group that can vary over time such as homosexuality
What are the advantages of classifying mental disorders?
Makes a common nomenclature, enables us to structure information helpful, we can identify causes and treatment of disorders
What are the disadvantages of classifying mental disorders?
Stigma of having a mental disorder, stereotyping others, loss of information, labelling change in self-concept
What is stigma?
Fear and a deterrent for seeking treatment and perpetuation of labelling
What did Ruscio find?
A diagnosis can reduce stigma as it provides an explanation of a person’s behaviour
What did Clement et al find?
Stigma makes people reluctant to seek help
What did Graves et al find?
People tend to avoid those with mental illnesses as there is unpleasant psychophysiological arosal
What are the categorical approaches to classification?
Presence/absence of a symptom pattern, a qualitative differences between normal and abnormal
What are the dimensional approaches to classification?
Symptoms vary on a continuum, differences are quantitative rather than qualitiative
How does culture effect mental disorder?
Shapes the clinical presentation of disorders such as depression
What did Kleinman find?
In China individuals with depression focus on physical concerns rather than verbalising feelings
Who explained mental disorders?
Kraemer et al
What did Kraemer et al look at?
If there is association between two variables, if there is a yes they correlate if no then they don’t correlate. If there is a correlation then one variable precedes the others
What is a necessary cause?
If X is a characteristic that will exist for a disorder to occur
What is a sufficient cause?
If one variable occurs then the other will
What is a contributory cause?
If one variable occurs then the probability of other variable occurring increases
How is mental health conditions explained in ancient times?
Demonic possession
What are the theoretical approaches to mental health conditions?
Biological, psychological and sociocultural and biopsychological
