Lecture 3- Psychodynamic Approaches Flashcards
What are the great demotions?
Copernicus, Darwin and Freud
What is the Copernicus demotion?
Dethroned the earth (the sun is the centre of the universe)
What is the Darwin demotion?
Dethroned the homo sapiens, a result of an evolutionary process
What is the Freud demotion?
Dethroned rationality (the motivations tha drive behaviour are unconscious, base and irrational)
What was the psychoanalytic theory emphasise?
Emphasises the role of internal mental process and early childhood experience
What is personality and psychological disoder an outcome of?
Dynamic interaction
What does psychopathology result from?
Unconscious conflicts in the individual
What are the 3 parts of the mind?
Conscious mind, pre-conscious and unconscious
What is the pre-conscious mind?
Recallable to consciousness
What is the unconscious mind?
Unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
What is the conscious mind?
Accessible thoughts
Why does the unconscious repress thoughts?
We control urges to keep them from entering conscious awareness as society does not allow free expression of sexual instincts
What is the tripartite model of the Psyche?
Ego, superego and ID
What is the ego characteristics?
Reality principle, mediates ID and superego, secondary process thinking development of strategies for solving problems and obtaining satisfaction, executive branch
What is the superego characteristics?
Moral structure (conscience), internalised taboos and moral values, morality principles, unconstraint by reality (sets high standards)
What is the ID characteristics?
Most primitive, instinctual drives, pleasure principle, primary process thinking characterised the ID, judicial branch
What is compromise formation
Ego tries to find the balance between demands of motivation, morality and practicality
What did Enoch and Ball find?
Capgras delusions (represents an attempt to well forbidden desires) resolve ambivalent feelings of love and hatred towards a spouse of close relative.
What did Capgras and Carette find?
Capgras delusions represents an attempt to veil forbidden incestuous desires
What does Freud say about anxiety?
Causal role in the most forms of psychopathology
What are the 3 types of anxiety?
Objective, neurotic and moral
What is objective anxiety?
Fear of danger from the real world, level is proportionate to degree of threat
What is neurotic anxiety?
Fear that instincts will get out of hand and cause someone to do something which they will be punished for
What is moral anxiety?
Fear of one’s own conscience (feeling guilty when we do something against the moral code)
What are the defence mechanisms?
Repression, denial, projection, reaction formation, regression, undoing, compensation, sublimation, humour
What is repression?
Blocks threatening material from the consciousness
What is projection?
Attributing ones own unacceptable impulse or action to another. We can then condemn the impulse in the other people instead of condemning ourselves
What is displacement?
Discharging of pent up feelings on safer targets than those that arouse the feelings
What is reaction formation?
Expressing the exact opposite of an unacceptable desire
What is regression?
Retreating to an earlier development level involving less mature behaviour and responsibility
What is undoing?
A repetitive action that symbolically atones for an unacceptable impulse or behaviour
What is compensation?
Making up for feelings of inferiority or perceived limitations by developing other positive traits
What is sublimation?
Channeling frustrated sexual or aggressive energies into different areas particularly more socially acceptable or evem admirable areas
What is humour?
Dealing with unpleasant ideas or situations with wit and self-deprecationW
What is denial?
Not acknowledge a situation
What does Freud say that fainting is?
Fainting represents the most massive denial, the refusal or inability to remain conscious in the face of a threat
What does Freud say about humour?
Jokes allows the expression of impulses ordinarily held in check, especially aggressive and sexual impulses. Laughing will release tension
What did Nevo and Nevo do?
Asked high school students to write funny captions to pictures, students used freud’s techniques (students responses were filled with aggressive and sexual themes
What are the stages of psychosexual development?
Emergence of the ego and superego are associated with 5 stages of personality development
What are the stages of psychosexual development characterised by?
A dominant mode of achieving libidinal energy where the erogenous zones are bodily areas which are the focus of pleasure
What can occur if a child doesn’t resolve conflict at a particular stage?
T hey may get fixated in that stage resulting in a corresponding adult character type
What does each stage represent?
A more mature mode of obtaining sexual gratification
When is the oral stage?
Birth to 18 months
What are the erogenous zones of the oral stage?
Mouth, lips, tongue
What are the conflicts of the oral stage?
Dependency on others, fixated on alcoholism, eating disorders, smoking
When is the anal stage?
18 months to 3 years
What are the erogenous zones of the anal stage?
Anus + buttocks region. The child obtains pleasures from expelling faeces during toilet training and from retaining faeces
What are the conflicts of the anal stage?
Key conflicts are associated with issues of self-control. Anal retentive and anal expulsive
What are characteristics of anal retentive?
Organised, controlled, rigid, obsessive-compulsive, stingy
What are characteristics of anal expulsive?
Disorganised, messy and overly generous
When is the phallic stage?
3-5 years
What are the erogenous zones of the phallic stage?
G enitals
What are the conflicts of phallic stage?
Oedipal and electra, castration anxiety, penis envy. Sexual desire for opposite sex parent and desire to eliminate same sex
What is the resolution of the phallic stage?
I dentification with same sex parent and development of superego
What are phobias in the psychodynamic approach?
Phobias are from when an unconscious anxiety is displaced onto a neutral or symbolic object
What is little Hans?
Horse phobia after seeing a horse fall to the ground, freud says that Hans’ oedipal fears of his father was displaced onto horses and was symbolic of penises (fear of castration from his father)
Where do fetishes originate?
Fetishes originates in the male child’s horror of castration
What is the fetishistic object a symbol of?
A symbolic substitute for the mother’s missing penis
When is the latency stage?
6-12 years
What is sexual motivations channels in in the latency stage?
Age-appropriate interests such as sports and hobbies
When is the genital stage?
Puberty to adulthood
What is the person driven by in the genital stage?
Individual is driven by two basic motivating forces: sex and aggression
How do individual release the energy in the genital stage?
Socially appropriate channels through sexual intercourse with age appropriate adults, sports and career progression
What is the goal of the psychoanalytic theory?
The bringing into conscious awareness of formerly unconscious material. Curing of psychological disorders
What are the psychoanalytic theory tools?
Interpretation, outcoming the resistance of patients, neutrality, transference, resisting countertransference
What is interpretation?
Suggesting hidden meaning to patients’ accounts of their lives
What is neutrality?
A distant stance to minimise therapist’s personal influence
What is transference?
Patients transfer their feelings about people in their lives onto the analyst and avoiding reacting as the real figure would
What is countertransference?
The their own feelings won’t influence their responses
What are the characteristics of countertransference?
Idealisation, invitation to rescue, acting the helpless child, seeking approval, invitation to intimacy, loss of objectivity, preoccupation
What is malan triangles?
Developed which represent transference in psychotherapy
What are the three windows into the unconscious?
Free association, slips of the tongue, dreams
What is free association?
The client verbalising whatever comes to mind with censoring the stream of thought
What is the goal of free association?
Revealing aspects of the unconscious mind and desires
What are slips of the tongue?
Psychic determinism where accident of daily life are expression of motivated unconscious
What is dream analysis?
Road to the unconscious where the therapist tries to analyse the dream
What is dream work?
The process where the brain censors dreams
What occurs in dreams?
Unconscious desires by the need to be censored and changed into ideocratic symbols
What is the latent content of dreams?
The hidden psychological content of the dreams, disguised to be less traumatic
What is the manifest content of dreams?
The dream that the conscious individual remembers experiencing.
What are the strengths of Freud’s theory?
Revolutionary and high influence
What is revolutionary of Freud’s theory?
Major influence on popular culture and generation of other theories
What is influential of Freud’s theory?
Influential in society outside of Psychology
What did Redmond and Shulman find?
86% of classes psychoanalysis is taught outside of the Psychology department
What are the limitation of Freud’s theory?
Data, falsifability, unparsimonous, sexism,
What is falsifiability?
Falsifiability is the capacity for some proposition, statement, theory or hypothesis to be proven wrong which psychodynamic cannot
What is wrong with Freud’s data?
Mostly uses case studies and based on observation of wealthy educated Viennese women and recorded his interpretations rather than describing the actual behaviour
Why is Freud’s theory unparsimonious?
Many theories are often confusing and could be simplier
Why is Freud’s theory sexist?
Says women castrate men and develop weaker superegos so have weaker moral characters
What is intensive short term dynamic psychotherapy?
Aims to help patient experience warded off feelings, tries to achieve as quickly as possible and works with the unconscious
What is psychoanalytic neutrality?
A barrier for forming therapeutic alliance
What are the key points of Leichsenring and Rabring?
Found that long term psychotherapy is effective for complex mental disorders
Short term psychotherapy is effective but insufficient for chronic comorbidity
