Lecture 7- Psychomotor Stimulants I: Amphetamines And Cocaine Flashcards

1
Q

Psychomotor stimulants do what

A

-Psycho: stimulate alertness, arousal
-Motor: stimulate motor activity

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2
Q

Amphetamines have a similar structure to

A

Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

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3
Q

What’s the base structure of amphetamines

A

Phenylethylamine

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4
Q

Naturally occurring amphetamines

A

-Cathinone
-Ephedrine/ pseudoephedrine

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5
Q

Effects of cathinone

A

-Increased heart rate
-Excitement
-Euphoria
-Decreased appetite
-Potent stimulant

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6
Q

Effects of ephedrine

A

-Constricts nasal blood vessels
-Cold treatment

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7
Q

Amphetamines have a racemic (1:1) mixture of

A

-d- and l-isomer
-Can be called amphetamines even if not 1:1

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8
Q

What is d-amphetamine

A

Dextroamphetamine

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9
Q

What is L-amphetamine

A

-Levoamphetamine
-Less potent

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10
Q

Methamphetamines were first synthesised by

A

Akira Ogata in Japan (1919)

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11
Q

What is pseudoephedrine (PE)

A

Precursor to meth

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12
Q

What is appetrol

A

-Amphetamine
-Used for weight loss
-Only a small amount maintained weight control

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13
Q

Most ADHD and ADD drugs are

A

Psychomotor stimulants

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14
Q

Amphetamines elimination half life is

A

10 hours

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15
Q

Amphetamines have what autonomic functions in humans

A

-Increased blood pressure
-Hyperthermia
-Bronchodilation

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16
Q

What are the withdrawal effects of amphetamines

A

-Increased fatigue
-Anxiety
-Depressed mood
-Craving that can last for days

17
Q

Major effects of amphetamines

A

-Analeptic
-Anorexia
-Decreased fatigue, increased alertness
-Euphoria
-Amphetamine psychosis

18
Q

What are the psychomotor stimulant effects of amphetamines in non humans

A

-Complex dose-effect relations
-Low doses-locomotor hyperactivity
-Higher doses-stereotyped behaviour

19
Q

Do non-humans have the same autonomic functions as humans

20
Q

Unconditioned effects of amphetamines in non humans

A

-Lower dose produces more naturalistic behaviours
-Increasing dose cause naturalistic behaviours to become repetitive ’mindless’ fragmented stereotypes

21
Q

Features of alkaloid in leaves of erythroxylon coca

A

-Reduces altitude sickness
-Reduces hunger and increases energy
-Taken as tea
-Naturally occurring insecticide

22
Q

Forms of cocaine

A

-Raw leaves
-Cocaine paste
-Cocaine hydrochloride
-Crack
-Cocaine free base
-Cocaine with other ingredients

23
Q

Features of cocaine in the form of raw leaves

A

-Alkaloid content low
-Absorbed in the mucous membranes of the mouth
-Eat with lime to increase pH of the saliva, release more active ingredient
-Low addictive potential
-Does not produce a high

24
Q

Features of cocaine paste

A

-Made in pit ‘pozo’
-20-80% cocaine sulphate
-100kg of leaves= 1kg of paste
-Cheap, low grade smokable cocaine

25
Method of cocaine paste
-Cocaine alkaloids are mixed with dilute sulphuric acid -Followed by sodium carbonate
26
Features of cocaine hydrochloride
-Usually snorted or injected -Snorted results in 20-30% entering the bloodstream -Inefficient to smoke since vaporisation temp is close to burn temp -Street cocaine is often cut with mannitol
27
Method of cocaine hydrochloride (salt form)
-Cocaine paste is further processed with potassium permanganate -Acetone/ether added -Hydrochloric acid and crystalline powder is extracted
28
Features of cocaine free base
-Prepared by adding water and base (e.g ammonia) and mixing with ether -Low melting point (90c) -Can be vaporised and smoked
29
Features of crack
-Crude preparation of free base -75-90% pure -Reaches the brain within seconds -Finished by 5-15 mins
30
Similarities between cocaine and
Amphetamines with -behavioural effects -subjective effects from users -Difficulty discriminating between the two
31
What is cocaines half life
-Between 0.5 to 1.5 hours -Rapid metabolism and elimination
32
Duration of action in amphetamines
7-30 hours
33
Differences between cocaine and amphetamines
-Cocaine is a local anaesthetic, inhibits Na+ channels -Cocaine can cause a stroke, convulsive properties
34
Effects of repeated psychostimulant administration
-Typically tolerance effects: autonomic effects, anorectic effect, euphorigenic -Escalation of dose to achieve similar effects
35
Tolerance is likely to occur with
-Closely spaced drug exposure -Continuous infusion of drug -Binge usage
36
Examples of punding
-Non-goal directed, socially meaningless activities: -Repetitious picking -Collecting -Assembling/ disassembling
37
Increased YMRS activity after
2nd amphetamine dose
38
Factors that influence sensitisation
-Stress -Sex -Rate of infusion -Environment
39
Repeated cocaine increases what in mice
Distance travelled compared to saline