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Drugs Brain And Behaviour > Lecture 6- Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Lecture 6- Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

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1
Q

How are signals sent between neurons

A

Neurotransmitter release

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2
Q

How are signals received within a neuron

A

Postsynaptic signalling machinery

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3
Q

What did Leowi first demonstrate in the 1920s and how

A

-Chemical transmission
-Fluid from a donor heart to recipient slowed down heart rate

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4
Q

Types of synapses

A

-Axodendritic
-Axosomatic
-Axoaxonic

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5
Q

What is the most common type of synapse

A

Axodendritic

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6
Q

Process of classical neurotransmitter synthesis

A

-Dietary precursors cross the BBB
-Enzymes in the axon terminals synthesise classical NTs and pack them into vesicles
-Classical NTs remain in vesicles, don’t readily cross membranes

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7
Q

Neuropeptide transmitters are synthesised where

A

In the cell body (nucleus)

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8
Q

Forms of classical neurotransmitters

A

-Amino acids
-Monoamines
-Acetylcholine

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9
Q

Forms of non classical NTs

A

-Lipids
-Neuropeptides
-Gases

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10
Q

Neuropeptide containing vesicles are transported where

A

Down the axon

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11
Q

NTs are transported into vesicles via

A

Proteins called vesicular transporters

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12
Q

Vesicular transporters are vital for

A

Determining neuronal phenotype

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13
Q

Process of action potential

A

-Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
-Ca2+ influx
-Activation of CaM Kinase II
-Phosphorylation of proteins
-Proteins move vesicles to release site
-Fusion of vesicles and exocytosis

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14
Q

Vesicles fusion with the cell membrane is mediated by

A

-SNARE
-SNARE complexes form to pull membranes together
-Ca2+ binds to synaptotagmin, catalysing membrane fusion

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15
Q

Opening of a fusion pore is a target for

A

Various toxins

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16
Q

Effects of botulinum toxin

A

-Cleaves and prevents Fusion complex formation at NM junction
-Affects SNARE protein
-Does not release NTs

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17
Q

Do NTs target specific receptors

A

-No
-Significant spill over of NTs at many synapses, reaching receptors at other synapses
-Can activate not targeted synapses

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18
Q

In the cerebellum, spillover of NTs can

A

Give rise to slow rising EPSC

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19
Q

Regulation of NTs release

A

-Rate of AP
-Probability of transmitter release
-Autoreceptors

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20
Q

Somatodendritic does what

A

Regulates firing

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21
Q

LSD is an agonist at

A

5-HT1a AR, which can slow down rate of firing

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22
Q

Autoreceptors vs Postsynaptic receptors

A

-Autoreceptors are receptors on the same neuron that’s releasing NTs
-Autoreceptors modulate activity of cell depending on location

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23
Q

Transporters blockade increases

A

Transmission

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24
Q

Transporters suck up NTs into

A

Presynaptic terminal

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25
Q

Enzymes in synaptic cleft and terminal rapidly

A

Degrade NTs

26
Q

Are synaptic terminals reliable

A

-No
-Only 10-20% of action potentials trigger release

27
Q

Steps of fast synaptic transmission

A

-Synthesis, transport and storage
-Depolarisation
-Open voltage gated Ca2+ channel
-Ca2+ influx, activate CaMKII and phosphorylate proteins
-Movement and docking of vesicles
-Exocytosis-diffusion
-Interact with receptors

28
Q

Nomenclature of terminal depends on

A

Type of transmitter released

29
Q

Most receptors that are acted upon are embedded in

A

The cell membrane

30
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

-Ligand gated ion channels
-Fast, allows ions to pass

31
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

-G protein coupled receptors
-Slow use second messengers

32
Q

Ligand gated channels (ionotropic receptors)

A

-Made of multiple subunits bound together
-Ions flow down electrochemical gradient

33
Q

What is the agonist and antagonists for acetylcholine receptor

A

-Agonist: nicotine
-Antagonist: curare

34
Q

GABA A receptor features

A

-When activated, opens so chlorine ions pass through
-Agonist: GABA, alcohol, BDZ
-Antagonists: Picrotoxin

35
Q

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) (metabotropic receptors)

A

-Single proteins with several transmembrane domains
-Indirectly influence cell activity
-Receptor coupled to an intracellular effector
-Over 90% are in the brain

36
Q

Two ways to alter cellular functioning via G proteins

A

-G protein is coupled to a messenger system
-Some are directly coupled to an ion channel

37
Q

Second messengers activate

A

Protein kinases which in turn activates other second messengers via phosphorylation

38
Q

How does cAMP work

A

-Gs activates and Gi inhibits adenylate cyclase
-Converts ATP into cAMP
-This activates proteins or remove phosphate groups

39
Q

Drugs of abuse differentially activate

A

Kinases compared to non drugs of abuse

40
Q

What is pERK

A

-ERK that has had a phosphate group added
-High levels found in nucleus accumbens after addictive drugs

41
Q

Second messengers can alter gene

A

Regulation or transcription (DNA to mRNA)

42
Q

Features of glutamate

A

-Fast chemical signalling
-Most important excitatory NT in the brain
-All neurons have receptors for glutamate

43
Q

Changes in glutamate signalling appear to be major mechanisms for

A

Learning and memory

44
Q

vGLUTs package

A

Glutamate into vesicles

45
Q

EAATs take up

A

Glutamate from the synaptic cleft

46
Q

Glutamate receptors are both

A

-Ionotropic and metabotropic
-Found pre and post synaptically

47
Q

Receptors located on dendrites

A

-AMPA
-NMDA

48
Q

AMPA receptor features

A

-Fast excitatory transmission
-Only has sodium pass through it
-AMPA is the only agonist

49
Q

NMDA receptor features

A

-Slow excitatory transmission
-At rest -70 mV
-Has a magnesium blockade
-When magnesium is removed, neuron is depolarised at +40
-Calcium and sodium can flow
-NMDA is the only agonist for the NMDA receptor

50
Q

Strong stimulation induces waves of

A

Gene expression

51
Q

Effected IEGs have

A

-Direct effects on synaptic function or intracellular signalling

52
Q

Arc once induced becomes

A

-A protein
-Stops the signalling of AMPA receptors through internalising them

53
Q

What does MAP kinase phosphate do

A

Removes phosphate from pERK as a negative feedback function

54
Q

Drugs of abuse can robustly induce

A

IEG expression

55
Q

IEGs are a marker of what

A

Activity

56
Q

If you have fos going up

A

You have arc going up, there is activity

57
Q

True or false, psychomotor sensitisation is likely to occur with closely spaced psychostimulant injections

A

False

58
Q

Amphetamines are still used legally today to test weight loss and narcolepsy

A

False

59
Q

Classical neurotransmitters

A

-GABA
-Glutamate
-Dopamine

60
Q

What do terminal auto receptors do

A

Regulate neurotransmitter release

61
Q

Protein kinase activation can elicit

A

-Activation of transcription factors which results in mRNA expression
-Alteration of cytoskeletal proteins and cellular morphology

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