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Drugs Brain And Behaviour > Lecture 5- Behavioural Pharmacology > Flashcards

Lecture 5- Behavioural Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is behavioural pharmacology

A

The study of the relationship between the pharmacological actions of drugs and their effects on behaviour and psychological function

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2
Q

Why not just experiment on humans

A

Largely because of more severe ethical implications, especially with drug naive subjects

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3
Q

What is the primary evaluation of the effects of drugs on spontaneous behaviour

A

Start with an observation of simple “unconditioned” behaviours

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4
Q

What is the secondary evaluation of the effects of drugs on spontaneous behaviour

A

Look at specific types of effects

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5
Q

What is analgesia

A

Pain relief

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6
Q

Tail flick test

A

-Measure time before rodent moves away from heat
-Increase with opioids

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7
Q

Drugs do not create

A

New behaviours
They alter the probability of behaviours

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8
Q

Rota rod test

A

-Tests balance and function
-Rotating rod slowly accelerates
-Measure time to fall off

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9
Q

Elevated puzzle maze

A

-Test if anxiety
-Measure the amount of time that rodents spend in exposed maze arms compared to sheltered

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10
Q

What is the elevated plus maze predictive of

A

Highly predictive of anxiolytic efficacy in humans

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11
Q

Radical arm maze

A

-Used in a variety of memory tests
-Food on one of the arms
-Change position of food after a certain amount of trials

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12
Q

Morris water maze

A

-Large tank of water in a room with external cues for navigation
-Platform to find
-Measure time finding platform, path length, % of time searching correct location

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13
Q

Drug discrimination

A

-Used to ask animals what drugs feel like
-e.g. Placebo associated with left lever
-Cocaine associated with right lever
-X drug tested, which lever

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14
Q

Advantages of drug discrimination

A

-Highly sensitive
-Accurate predictions of human subjective effects

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15
Q

Disadvantages of drug discrimination

A

-Drugs are more complex than this
-Produce different effects depending on route, dose, individual etc

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16
Q

Often times withdrawal symptoms are the opposite of

A

Drug Symptoms

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17
Q

Steps of comparing drugs via relief of withdrawal symptoms

A

-Produce physical dependence with prototypical drug
-Withdrawal and give test drug
-If that blocks withdrawal symptoms, will probably produce dependence symptoms

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18
Q

Criticism of comparing drugs via relief of withdrawal symptoms

A

Not a highly conclusive test

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19
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Presentation increases the probability of preceding behaviour

20
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removal increases the probability of a behaviour

21
Q

Punishment

A

Presentation decreases the probability of a behaviour

22
Q

A single drug can have what 3 effects all at once

A

-Positive reinforcement
-Negative reinforcement
-Punishment

23
Q

Conditioned place preference (CPP)

A

-Environment that receives drugs
-Environment that receives nothing
-Animal chooses environment to be in

24
Q

Advantages of CPP

A

-Simple
-Limited effort required
-Subjects learn quickly
-Test in non drug states

25
Q

Disadvantages of CPP

A

-Secondary reward- not measuring drug reward itself
-Psychological and brain mechanisms poorly understood

26
Q

Drugs that maintain self administration

A

Nearly all drugs that people abuse

27
Q

Drugs that do not maintain self administration

A

-Hallucinogens
-Aspirin

28
Q

Operant/Instrumental drug self administration

A

-Gold standard
-IV injections provide most precise control of dose and timing
-Oral used too
-Monkeys and humans will work for drugs

29
Q

Animals do not discriminate between cocaine and

A

Methamphetamines

30
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

-Fixed ratio
-Variable ratio
-Fixed interval
-Variable interval

31
Q

Fixed ratio

A

-Reinforcement every n response
-eg FR1, every response, FR5, every 5 responses
-Produce steady working

32
Q

Variable ratio

A

-Number of respondences is unpredictable but varies around some mean
-eg VR15, reinforcement on average every 15 responses (between 10-20)

33
Q

Variable Interval

A

-Reinforcement given from first press after varying delay
-eg VI4min, reinforcement for first press after 4 min average (between 2-6)

34
Q

Fixed interval

A

-Reinforcement given when first press after fixed delay
-eg FI2min, reinforcement for first press every 2 min
-Produce more scalloped plot

35
Q

Inverted U shape curve on which schedules

A

‘Simple’ ratio/ interval schedules

36
Q

Different doses can produce

A

The same response amount

37
Q

How to interpret a dose response curve

A

-Ascending part shows decrease in responding- may indicate decrease in reinforcement
-Descending part shows decrease in responding - may indicate increase in reinforcement

38
Q

Criticism of self administration

A

-Rate of responding on simple FR is an ambiguous measure
-Many factors of the drug determine response rate, not just rewarding effects
-eg motor side effects of drug, satiation effects etc

39
Q

What is progressive ratio schedules

A

-Exponential increase in number of responses required for drug
-Breakpoint, highest ratio before giving up, measure of drug motivation

40
Q

Advantage of progressive ratio schedules

A

-Much less drug is consumed
-Lower chance of motor and satiation side effects
-However may produce extinction of learning

41
Q

What’s second order schedules

A

-Light associated with drug
-Press the lever till the light shows then press till drug is administered
-Can support large amounts of lever pressing with little or no drug in system

42
Q

Stimuli that’s reinstate responding

A

-Drug itself
-Drug cue
-Drug context
-Stress

43
Q

Test for relapse/reinstatement

A

-Extinguish responding
-Present stimulus and see if reinstate responding

44
Q

Self administration is not enough to show

A

Addiction

45
Q

“Extended access” models

A

-One group of rats allowed to self-administer for short period (ShA)
-Other group for long (LgA)
-First hour intake similar
-Escalated use in long access

Drugs Brain And Behaviour (8 decks)

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