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Drugs Brain And Behaviour > Lecture 4- Techniques In Neuropharmacology > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Techniques In Neuropharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in vitro approach

A

-Performed with tissue, cells, biological molecules
-Outside of their normal biological context

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2
Q

What machines are used to slice brains

A

Cryostat or microtome

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3
Q

What fluid is used on brain slices

A

-Paraformaldehyde
-Stops biological activity
-Preserves tissue

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4
Q

What is used on a brain section in an autoradiography

A

-Radioligand
-Radioligand is a drug with a hydrogen group attached to it

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5
Q

Dopamine transporters are heavily present in the

A

Striatum

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6
Q

How is autoradiography used

A

-Used to find a molecule in brain sections
-Anything that is dark is where the molecule is present

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7
Q

What is vivo approach

A

The effects of various biological entities are tested on whole living organism

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8
Q

How does a PET scan work

A

-Used to visualise things like receptors in a live human brain
-Injected with radioactive molecule to find where the molecule travels

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9
Q

How does in situ hybridisation work

A

-RNA probe is created to mimic RNA
-Often radioactive or fluorescent
-RNA probe used to find mRNA in chosen protein

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10
Q

What is a “knock out” gene in vivo genetic manipulation

A

Specific gene inactivated

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11
Q

What is a “knockin” gene in vivo genetic manipulation

A

Add foreign genetic material at specific gene locus

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12
Q

What are the problems with genetic manipulation in vivo

A

-Developmental abnormalities
-Compensation and or functional redundancy
-Started at birth, last a lifetime

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13
Q

Intracranial drug injections to manipulate

A

Receptor signalling locally in the brain

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14
Q

When are direct drug brain injections used

A

-Experimental situations
-Can test whether a neurotransmitter plays a role in behaviour

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15
Q

What is the process of stereotaxic surgery

A

-Used in intracranial drug injections
-Removal of a piece of skull to inject
-Accurate targeting of specific brain structures
-Implant electrodes, inject drugs/ viruses

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16
Q

How can ISH be used to examine neuronal activity on excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory inter neurons in the cortex

A

-Pyramidal cells express Vglut
-Inhibitory interneurones express VGAT
-Activated neurons express IEG cfos or fos
-fos+VGAT = activated interneuron

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17
Q

What do pyramidal cells contain that no other neuron has

A

VGLUT

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18
Q

What does VGLUT stand for

A

Vesicular glutamate transporter

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19
Q

What does VGAT stand for

A

Vesicular GABA transporter

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20
Q

What is IHC used for

A

Protein detection

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21
Q

What is the process of IHC

A

-Inject antigen to produce antibodies
-Tale slice of brain
-Purify antibodies
-This primary antibody detects protein of interest
-Secondary antibody detects primary

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22
Q

What methods are used for IHC

A

-Colorimetric reaction
-Fluorescence

23
Q

What are the advantages of IHC

A

-High specificity and spatial resolution
-Can show a single neuron activated

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of IHC

A

-Provides a static snapshot of the brain
-Doesn’t show development over time

25
Q

Neuronal activity increasing causes

A

Increased oxygen demand

26
Q

What does fMRI not tell you

A

Specific neurons which are activated

27
Q

With fMRI, haemoglobin is

A

Diamagnetic

28
Q

When haemoglobin is oxygenated it becomes

A

Paramagnetic

29
Q

In fMRIs, difference in magnetic attraction leads to

A

Small differences in the MR signal of blood depending on the degree of oxygenation

30
Q

fMRI scans show what effect of cocaine

A

Increased activity in the nucleus accumbens when compared to saline

31
Q

What are the advantages of EEG scans

A

-Non invasive
-Good milli-second time resolution compared to fMRI

32
Q

Disadvantages of EEGs

A

Poor spatial resolution

33
Q

Process of stereotaxic surgery

A

-Implant electrodes, inject drugs/viruses, produce leisons

34
Q

Advantages of intracranial electrophysiology

A

-Record fast real time changes in activity
-Measure neuronal populations, single neurons and specific brain areas

35
Q

Disadvantages of intracranial electrophysiology

A

-Simply detects activity
-Doesn’t say anything about the physical identity of the activated neuron

36
Q

Disadvantages of local brain lesions

A

-No neuronal specificity
-Damage is permanent

37
Q

Induce local brain damage via

A

Electrical current, toxins

38
Q

Intracranial drug injections are used to

A

Manipulate brain activity locally

39
Q

Direct brain injections are either

A

-Inhibitors of activity
-GABA receptor agonists

40
Q

How do intracranial drug injections differ to lesions

A

Reversible

41
Q

What is optogenetics

A

Light induced neuronal activity manipulations using viruses

42
Q

Stages of optogenetics

A

-Transfected neurons with opsins
-Fibre optic cable shines a light that can affect opsin
-Measures changes in the behaviour once activated or inhibited

43
Q

What are the two lights for optogenetics

A

-Blue (channelrhodopsin)
-Yellow (halorhodopsin)

44
Q

What does channelrhodopsin do

A

-Optogenetics
-When a blue light is shone, this opsin is activated in the neuron
-Allows you to find out sufficiency needed for activation of desired behaviour

45
Q

What does halorhdopsin do

A

-Optogenetics
-When yellow light is shone, this opsin is activated in the neuron
-Allows you to shut down neurons

46
Q

Advantages of optogenetics

A

-Fast
-Tailored to specific neuronal populations
-Light manipulation of terminals affects only neurons from a specific source

47
Q

Disadvantages of optogenetics

A

-Gene inactivation affects all neurons in an area
-Drugs turn on all neurons everywhere, uncontrolled

48
Q

Method of microdialysis

A

-Pump aCSF into sample brain
-Neurotransmitters collected through dialysate
-Measures changes in neurotransmitters over minutes

49
Q

Disadvantages of microdialysis

A

-Doesn’t tell you specific neurons that are releasing the neurotransmitters

50
Q

Addictive drugs cause dopamine release in the

A

Striatum

51
Q

Method of voltammetry

A

-Stick electrode into extra cellular fluid
-Rapid sampling detecting changes

52
Q

Method of whole cell electrophysiology in brain slices
(ex vivo electrophysiology)

A

-Record from single neuron
-AMPAR- mediated EPSC
-Kept alive in aCSF
-Stimulating electrode that activates the synapse
-Can record human neurons

53
Q

Disadvantages of whole cell electrophysiology in brain slices
(ex vivo electrophysiology)

A

-Only measures synapse
-Does not measure whether a behaviour is due to synaptic pathway

54
Q

Terminals are still alive when

A

Cell body is dead

Drugs Brain And Behaviour (8 decks)

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