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PSY270 > Lecture 7: Memory Outside The Lab > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Memory Outside The Lab Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 levels of representation in propositions?

A

1 - Surface form
→ exact wording of text

2 - Propositional Textbase
→ maintains important information in a propositional network
→ captures basic idea units present in a text

3 - Situation model
→ elaborated representation that represents what is being described

  • idea being you create multiple representations in parallel
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2
Q

What are situation models?

A
  • contain propositions from events and inferences that are made
  • keep track of people, locations, time, and intentionality even if they are not explicit from the propositions
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3
Q

What is some evidence that situation models have stronger influence on memory than propositions?

A
  • common object in different locations have higher response times than different objects in common location
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4
Q

What are Schachter’s 7 sins of memory?

A 
1 - Transience
2 - Absent-mindedness
3 - Blocking
4 - Misattribution
5 - Suggestibility
6 - Bias
7 - Persistence
1-3 = Problems of omission
4-7 = Problems of commission
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5
Q

What are source monitoring errors?

A
  • misattributing mental experiences to either external sources or internal sources
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6
Q

What did Loftus, Miller, & Burns show about the misinformation effect?

A
  • participants shown picture with red car at stop sign
    → asked then whether car passed when it was stopped at the stop sign or yield sign
    → no misleading info: 75% correct
    → misleading info: 41% correct
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7
Q

What are the three causes of misinformation affect?

A

→ source misattribution
→ misinformation acceptance
→ overconfidence

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8
Q

What is the memory trace replacement hypothesis?

A
  • Loftus proposed to explain the misinformation effect
  • similar to retroactive interference except old memory is eliminated and replaced with new (incorrect) information
    → memory is reconsolidated
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9
Q

What did Okado & Stark show that supported the memory trace replacement hypothesis?

A
  • participants presented with still image vignettes using misleading postevent information (MPI)
    → measures fMRI response
  • during recognition phase, 47% of responses demonstrated misinformation effect
  • different hippocampal activity was observed during consolidation for true/false memorues
    → high activation in true/original and false/misinformation
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10
Q

What was Loftus & Pickrell’s “shopping mall study”?

A
  • participants asked to memorize four scenarios from childhood with one of them being false
    → false memories of being lost in the mall were implanted into participants using plausible details from family members
    → false memory had more vague recollection and fewer words summarized
    → failure to pick out the false memory when prompted
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11
Q

What was Wade et al’s false memory study?

A
  • participants had real pictures and stories photoshopped in with false pictures and memories
    → Session 1: No photo half had no memories, then images but no memories, then memories; With photo a third had each.
    → Session 2: No photo half had no memories, then even split between images but no memories and memories; With photo more than half had memories.
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12
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A
  • inability to remember early life events
    → infants can form memories but not related to self
    → memories become more adult-like as brain matures
    → autobiographical memories increase as language develops
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13
Q

What is the reminiscence bump?

A
  • memories of life events peak in adolescence or early adulthood
  • also observed for important world events and semantic memory
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14
Q

What is the cognitive hypothesis of the reminiscence bump?

A
  • memories in early adulthood occur in periods of rapid change followed by stability
    → elaborate and distinct cues
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15
Q

What is the self-image hypothesis of the reminiscence bump?

A
  • formation of personal identity strengthens memories for that time period
    → self-reference effect
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16
Q

What is the maturational account of the reminiscence bump?

A
  • cognitive processes are at their maximum during period of reminiscence bump
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17
Q

What is the cultural life script hypothesis of the reminiscence bump?

A
  • memory is improved for positive culturally shared experiences
    → results in increased elaborative rehearsal
18
Q

What are the different types of semantic cases?

A
  • relation: topic/major event
  • agent: person acting
  • patient: receives action
  • location
  • time
19
Q

What is a semantic case?

A
  • relationships or cennections of meaning
20
Q

What did Sachs’s study conclude about memory?

A
  • people quickly lose information about the actual, verbatim words that we hear or read
  • people retain meaning
    → reconstruct based on meaning stored in a propositional representation
21
Q

What is the fan effect?

A
  • retrieval interference effect

- when more words are associated with a concept, response times are longer

22
Q

What was Anderson’s study on memory?

A
  • varied number of associations with person and location concepts
    → assumed limited amount of activation could spread along links of network
    → more links = wider activation distribution = longer processing
23
Q

What was Kintsch et al’s study on memory?

A 
- read text, took memory test
→ exact text
→ paraphrase
→ inference
→ wrong
  • surface form was lost quickly from memory
  • textbase was retained but declined over time
  • situational model performance was high and stayed high
24
Q

What was Radvansky and Zacks’s study on memory?

A
  • three objects in one location v. one object in three locations
  • fan effect apparently in place
    → however the former is not difficult to remember because this information can be integrated into a single situation
25
Q

What are some examples of metamemory?

A
  • ability to assess when you’ve learned something
  • realization that you need to remember something in the future
  • basics of what one does or doesn’t know
26
Q

What is source monitoring?

A
  • ability to accurately remember the source of a memory

→ be it encountered in the world or something imagined

27
Q

What are the areas of the brain concerned with source monitoring?

A
  • hippocampus
    → integrating content/source info
  • prefrontal cortex (right dorsolateral, ventrolateral, medial regions)
    → searching and using source info
  • temporal lobes
    → remembering content itself
28
Q

What is cryptomnesia?

A
  • person unconsciously plagiarizes something they have heard or read before but because they have forgotten the source, mistakenly think it’s a new idea that they thought of
29
Q

What is prospective memory?

A
  • ability to remember to do something in the future

- either time-based (remember for a certain passage of time) or event-based (remember for a certain event)

30
Q

What is metamemory?

A
  • people’s knowledge about their own memory and its functioning
31
Q

What are judgments of learning?

A
  • person makes prediction, after studying some material, of whether it will be remembered later in a memory test
  • generally better after some delay since memories aren’t active to cause bias
32
Q

What is a feeling of knowing?

A
  • estimate is provided of how likely it is that an item will be recognized on a later memory test
33
Q

What is the DRM task?

A
  • present word list with a critical lure word that participants falsely remember being in the list
34
Q

What was Branford & Franks’s study on memory?

A
  • given lists of words with one, two, three, or four concepts in a sentence, later given recognition task
    → people judged threes/fours as more familiar
    → people judged sentences with more complete ideas as more familiar
    → people were unsure about ones and twos
  • people seem to acquire a general idea than any individual sentence
    → reporting composite memory
35
Q

What is a memory impairment?

A
  • genuine change or alteration in memory of an experienced event as a function of some later event
36
Q

What is misinformation acceptance?

A
  • people accept additional information as having been part of an earlier experience without actually remembering the information
37
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A
  • when a memory is retrieved this puts it in a plastic, malleable state where it can be changed before it is stored in memory again
38
Q

What are factors for overconfidence in memory?

A
  • source memory: memory of the exact source of information

- processing fluency: ease with which something is processed or comes to mind

39
Q

What is imagination inflation?

A
  • imagining that something happened increases later memory reports that it actually did happen
40
Q

How does repetition more strongly distort memory?

A
  • repetition increases confidence in misinformation
    → actual memories may be suppressed
  • repeated questioning can enhance recall of some details while diminishing others
41
Q

What are autobiographical memories?

A
  • study of one’s lifetime collection or narrative of memories

PSY270 (10 decks)

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