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Intro to Psychology > Lecture 7 - Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and removal of info and skills

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2
Q

How do you know if memory is functioning?

A

Recall, recognition, and relearning

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3
Q

What is recall?

A

Analogous to “fill-in-the-blanks”, retrieving info previously learned and unconsciously stored

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4
Q

What is recognition?

A

A form of “multiple choice”, identifying which stimuli matches the stored info

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5
Q

What is relearning?

A

A measure of how much less work it takes to learn info studied before, even if not recalling having seen the info before

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6
Q

What are the stages of how memory works?

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

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7
Q

What is encoding?

A

The info gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored

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8
Q

What is storage?

A

Info that is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved

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9
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Reactivating and recalling info and producing it in a form similar to what was encoded

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10
Q

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?

A

A model of memory formation

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11
Q

What are the three memory storage systems in the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?

A

The sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM)

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12
Q

What happens in the sensory register (SR)?

A

Stimuli are recorded by our senses and held briefly

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13
Q

What happens in short-term memory (STM)?

A

Some info is processes and encoded through rehearsal

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14
Q

What happens in long-term memory (LTM)?

A

Info moves in and can be retrieved later

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15
Q

What is automatic processing?

A

Some info goes straight from sensory experience into long-term memory

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16
Q

What is working memory?

A

Info is held, not just to rehearse, but to process and integrate into long-term memory with new info coming from sensory memory

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17
Q

What did George Miller claim about short-term memory?

A

We can hold from 5 - 9 info bits

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18
Q

How much can the average person free from distraction remember?

A

7 digits, 6 letters, or five words

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19
Q

What is effortful processing strategy?

A

A way to encode info into memory to keep from decaying and making it easier to retrieve

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20
Q

What is chunking?

A

Organizing data into manageable units

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21
Q

What is an mnemonic?

A

A memory trick that connects info to existing memory strengths such as memory or structure

22
Q

What are peg word systems?

A

A technique of visually associating new words with an existing list that is memorized along with numbers

23
Q

What is massed practice?

A

Cramming info all at once

24
Q

What is the testing effect?

A

Distributed practice includes testing to learn and retain more

25
Q

What is the generation effect?

A

Experiments to either generate Bird-R_ or given Bird-Robin

26
Q

What is deep/semantic processing?

A

Memorizing by focusing on the actual meanings of words

27
Q

What is shallow processing?

A

Memorizing the appearance or sounds of words

28
Q

What is the self-reference effect?

A

Relating material to ourselves, which aids encoding and retention

29
Q

Does long-term memory storage ever get full?

A

No, it gets more elaborately rewired

30
Q

What did Karl Lashley discover about memory?

A

Rats who learned a maze were able to retain parts of that memory

31
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

The tendency, when learning info in a long list, to more likely recall first items and last items

32
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

The cognitive bias to remember the first piece of information they encounter

33
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

The cognitive bias to remember the last piece of information they encounter

34
Q

What are explicit/declarative memories?

A

Facts and experiences that we consciously know and recall, acquired through effortful processing

35
Q

What are implicit memories?

A

Memories we are not fully aware of and don’t declare, acquired through automatic processing

36
Q

What did the case of Henry Molaison reveal?

A

The brain and 2 track mind

37
Q

What part of Henry Molaison’s brain was removed?

A

The hippocampus

38
Q

What happened to Henry Molaison after his surgery?

A

His seizures ended but he was unable to form new explicit memories

39
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

The inability to form new long-term explicit memories

40
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

The inability to retrieve past memories

41
Q

What did Tulving’s model indicate?

A

Mental health and inner security may comes from the relationship between semantic memory and episodic memory

42
Q

What part of the brain increases memory-forming activities and engages frontal lobes to tag memories as important?

A

The amygdala

43
Q

What are the three parts of memory’s web of associations?

A

Conceptual, contextual, and emotional

44
Q

What is priming?

A

When the thread of associations is triggered to bring us to a concept

45
Q

What is context-dependent memory?

A

A memory that is more easily retrieved when in the same context as when the memory is formed

46
Q

What is a state-dependent memory?

A

A memory that is tied to the emotional state that the memory was formed in

47
Q

What is mood-congruent memory?

A

The tendency to selectively recall details that are consistent with one’s current mood

48
Q

What are memory errors?

A

When a memory is altered every time it is recalled and altered again when reconsolidating

49
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

When an episodic memory is less accurately recalled because of post-event information

50
Q

Who were the original researchers of the misinformation effect?

A

Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer

51
Q

What are implanted memories?

A

When a false memory is told enough that the person believes it is real

52
Q

What is source amnesia/misattribution?

A

Forgetting where a memory came from and attributing the source to own experience

Intro to Psychology (8 decks)

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